July 31, 2015
Take A Chance to Know OTDR Basics
As we all know that networking systems may meet some minor or major problems in operation, then in this important moment, time really means a lot. Here, OTDR is just suitable for you, a kind of optical product deployed to quickly determine wavelength and loss characteristics. You may ask questions: What is OTDR? Where is it applied? How does it work？ Follow this post and you will get answer.
Definition And Applications of OTDR
OTDR stands for optical time-domain reflectometer, a kind of sophisticated optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. It is widely used to reveal different situations of fiber optics, such as the total fiber loss and optical return loss. Besides, it can measure fiber length, and figure out faults or splices which disturb the normal operation of optical systems and upset users. In addition, such undesirable problems can also be detected as line cuts or breaks of each optical section. With the help of all these functions provided by OTDR, you can address the problems which exert negative effects on networks easily. Just like other widely used optical equipment, OTDR Testers are also applied in many aspects, such as fiber installation and preventative maintenance, remote fiber test system, and network database. The following figure shows you the appearance of an OTDR Tester.
Working Principles of OTDR
OTDR’s users, especially those technical stuff, should obtain an important skill that is to use it properly when the disturbance caused by abnormal events occurs in optical fibers. To understand the working principles of OTDR is necessary. An OTDR launches a short duration light pulse into the fiber. An in-line directional coupler switches the reflected light turning back along the fiber to a sensitive detector. By measuring the arrival time and magnitude of the returning light, the location and types of faults along the optical travel path can be detected. However, there is a key point to which you should pay attention. Sometimes patch cables are too short for the resolution of OTDR, and OTDR is limited in its functions in testing reflection. Thus, while using OTDR, make sure that the OTDR reflection spike doesn’t exceed the dynamic range of the OTDR, or the measure will undermine the reflection. During its operation, a blend of technologies are needed, including qualified optics, proper electronic design, as well as data acquisition and software processors. With them, you can easily figure out where the fiber problems are.
OTDR gives a hand in fiber tests, and numerous numbers of people depend on it when the above-mentioned problems exist. On the whole, OTDRs are available with a variety of fiber types and wavelengths, including single mode fiber, multi-mode fiber, 1310nm, 1550 nm, 1625 nm, etc. Fiberstore can supply and customize any kind of OTDR tester to meet your needs, you can visit Fiberstore for more information.
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July 29, 2015
QSFP -40G-LR4 Transceiver Modules Diversify Users’Choices
The optical communication industry is growing faster than any other fields in this technological time, resulting from the rapid economic growth and improvement of people’s life standards. Certainly, optical transceiver modules are one of the most typical examples witnessing this growth. The invention of QSFP (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) transceiver modules several years ago has surprised people, since they have proven the greatness of technology. Now, QSFP -40G-LR4 transceiver modules associated with SFP-based optical products are sure to bring about even more excitement to their users. You can follow this article to know better about QSFP -40G-LR4s.
QSFP -40G-LR4 transceiver modules are intended to support up to 10km over a standard pair of G.652 single-mode fibers with duplex LC connectors. They are compliant with QSFP -40G-LR4 in the standard of IEEE 802.3ba, able to support high-bandwidth 40G optical links over ribbon fiber cables ending at multi-fiber connectors. Besides, they can duplex fiber breakout cables for connectivity to four 10GBASE-SR optical interfaces when used with ribbon.
With various features, the high-density and high performance of QSFP-40G-LR4 transceiver modules realize Internet connectivity to the data center by multiplexing and demultiplexing the four wavelengths. That is, within these equipment, signals are carried over four wavelengths. Also, they can resist harsh external operating conditions. For example, the enduring temperature ranges from 0℃ to +70℃. Of course, they are electrically hot-pluggable.
Last but not least, it is about their wide applications. They are widely deployed in short reach optical components, such as switches, routers and so on. Surely, they are suitable for 40GBASE-LR4 Ethernet links, 40G Telecom connections, Proprietary backplanes, Server-Server Clusters, Super-computing interconnections, etc. The following figure will show you a QSFP-40G-LR4 transceiver module.
It is really worthy to have such a QSFP-40G-LR4 transceiver at a low price while enjoying high performance. Thanks to all those valuable characteristics and functions mentioned above, QSFP-40G-LR4 transceiver modules have made users’ choices more diversified.
In Fiberstore, you can find the right QSFP 40G-LR4 you need. In addition, Fiberstore can customize the optical products to meet your needs. For more useful information, please visit Fiberstore.
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July 28, 2015
How to Differ Single-Mode Fiber Patch Cable From Multi-Mode One?
Since optical fiber patch cables made their first appearance in telecommunications, people may have encountered a question-which kind of fiber patch cable to choose, single-mode or multi-mode one? The following passages may help you to make a better choice.
Differences in Physical Appearances and Chemical Matter
In term of transmission medium, fiber patch cables are usually divided into single-mode fiber patch cable(SMF) and multi-mode fiber patch cable(MMF). Judging from color, the former is generally yellow with a blue connector; while the latter, on the whole, looks in orange with a cream or black connector. As for the core of matter, whose main difference lies in the size of their cables, a typical single-mode fiber patch cable has a core of 8 to 10 microns. In single-mode cables, light travels towards the center of the core in a single wavelength. This leads to faster speeds and longer distances of single-mode fiber patch cables than multi-mode ones. On the other hand, multi-mode cables have much a larger core diameter, typically 50–100 micrometers and larger wavelength of light than single-mode ones. Therefore, the capacity of multi-mode ones to gather light is larger than the others, and more signals are transmitted by multi-mode ones. When talking about modal dispersion, single-mode cables do display it at some extent caused by multiple spatial modes and with narrower modal dispersion. For these reasons, single-mode ones are better at maintaining fidelity of signals transmitted over long distances.
Differences in Respective Applications
Single-mode fiber patch cables are more suitable for transmitting data over longer distances and used for network connections and scientific researches in large areas since they have only one wavelength path which makes light more focused, such as college campuses and cable TV networks. As far as multi-mode cables are concerned, they play their great roles in many applications. For example, LED sources, when used with multi-mode cables, can produce different wavelengths which transmit at their own speeds. Also, multi-mode cables are often seen to transmit data and voice signals over shorter distances in such applications as alarm systems.
Last but not least, it is about price. Single-mode fiber patch cable itself is more expensive than multi-mode one, but single-mode fiber equipment is cheaper than that of multi-mode one. Of course, price is not the fatal factor that leads you to buy which one, but quality and performance make up for much larger percent when you decide to select fiber patch cables.Maybe just words on rhetoric are not that convincing, and you can see the following image for more information about SMF patch cable(left) and MMF patch cable(right).
In Fiberstore, various types of fiber optic patch cables are available, including not only single-mode and multi-mode patch cables, but also multi-core, armored patch cables, as well as fiber optic pigtails and other special patch cable. You can visit Fiberstore for more detailed information.
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July 27, 2015
A Great Evolution of 100G CFP Optical Transceiver Modules
Driven by constant technological innovations and rapid development, the Internet environment is surrounded by broad optical product selections. In this boom of datacommunications and telecommunications, users’ demands for optical components are increasing at an amazing speed. In fact, data center optical transmission capacity dependslargely on high-volume 100G CFP(C Form-factor Pluggable) optical modules. During their deployment in optical equipment, certainly there is an evolution which witnesses theirdevelopment and progress of CFP optical modules.
CFP is a hot-pluggable transceiver module form factor that supports a wide range of 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s applications such as 40G and 100G Ethernet. CFP optical modules areendowed with several outstanding features, including advanced thermal management, EMI management and enhanced signal integrity design, as well as a MDIO-based managementinterface. Different versions of CFP modules can support various link distances over either multimode or single mode fiber optics.
The original CFP specification was proposed at a time when 10Gbps signals were much more achievable in the market than 25Gbps signals. In order to achieve 100Gbps line rate,the most affordable solution was based on 10 lanes of 10Gbps. 100G CFP optical modules made their debut in 2008. At that time, 10G data rate electronics have taken a firmplace in the market. Owing to improvements in technology, higher performances and higher density of 100G CFPs have become available in the market.
As a follow-on module to the CFP, the CFP2 shows a transition. It supports the IEEE 100 Gigabit Ethernet. CPF2 is half the size of the CFP and typically consumes half thepower. Admittedly, the CFP2 realized higher performances and density at a reasonable price and CFP2s have been widely used in market.
Now, the CFP4s are attracting more and more attention. The first CFP4s are expected to appear in 2013, but until 2014 at OFC(Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2014), theCFP4 specifications document became available announced by MSA(Multi-Source-Agreement) members. They define the electrical and physical requirements for the 100Gbps CFP4 optical transceiver products and systems. At present, CFP4 modules are still rare and expensive. Actually, CFP4 is similar with its predecessor but with more optimization.Here are features of the CFP4:1.Power dissipation < 5W;2.Maximum link length of 10km on Single Mode Fiber (SMF);3.Duplex LC receptacles;4.MDIO management interface.From the following image, you can get the better understanding about the physical differences among the CFP, CEP2and CFP4.
Fiberstrore offers 100GBASE-LR4 CFP, CFP2 and CFP4 modules which are ideal solutions for your 100GbE network. They have significant advantages over existing solutions in termsof reduced power dissipation and increased density with the added benefit of pluggability for cutting down first installed cost. Please visit Fiberstore for more detailedinformation.
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July 23, 2015
Focus on Copper SFP Transceiver
When it comes to transceivers, most people will think of optical fiber transceivers. Admittedly, optical fiber SFP transceivers have found their way to market and aroused popularity among households. In fact, copper SFP transceiver is also applicable and holds an important place in this market. This article will show you essential information about copper SFP transceiver.
Copper Small Form Pluggable (SFP) transceiver is also a compact, hot-pluggable and cost-effective module which provides easy and reliable interconnect capabilities for high performance network communications platforms. Just as its name shows, this kind of copper transceiver module is designed to be used in copper networks. It connects networking devices to copper networking cables in telecommunications and data applications. This copper module provides information which is compliant with the SFP MSA(Multi-Sourcing Agreement), with the Gigabit Ethernet and 1000- BASE-T standards. It also supports 1000Mbps data- rate up to 100 meters reach over unshielded twisted-pair. Of course, copper SFP transceiver boasts of several features:
1.Hot-pluggable SFP footprint;
2.Fully metallic enclosure for low EMI;
3.Compliant with major switch vendors
4.Low power dissipation (1.05 W typical);
5.10/100/1000Base-T operation in host systems with SGMII interface.
The following figure will show you the copper SFP transceiver.
During their operation, copper SFP transceiver modules use a copper line for linking. They are suitable for use with the equipment and devices that are in copper SFP slots or ports. Here are three main kinds of products of this copper SFP transceiver:
1.1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet Full Duplex RJ45 100m Copper SFP Optical Transceiver;
2.10/100/1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet Auto Negotiation Copper SFP Optical Transceiver;
3.10/100/1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet SGMII Interface 100m Copper SFP Optical Transceiver.
All these three products mentioned above are based on SFP MSA(Multi-Sourcing Agreement), and have similar features and applications.
; font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Features And Applications:
1.For 100m reach over Cat 5 UTP Cable;
2.Switch to Switch Interface;
3.Router/Server interface;
4.Gigabit Ethernet over Cat 5 Cable.
3.Router/Server interface;
4.Gigabit Ethernet over Cat 5 Cable.
Copper Small Form Pluggable (SFP) transceiver saves users a lot of money compared with optical fiber SFP option because of its low price. It meets users’ satisfaction owing to its high speed and performance. Applications in interconnects and electronics have made copper SFP transceiver more popular in data communication industry.
Fiberstore supplies 100% compatible Copper SFP modules. Besides the compatible SFP, Fiberstore can also customize Copper SFP transceiver modules to fit customers' specific requirements. You can visit Fiberstore for more detailed information.
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July 22, 2015
Get a Close Look at 40G Transceiver
In ancient days, fiber works were out of people’s imagination, and no one was talking about the Internet, not even the Ethernet. But nowadays, countless optical products have emerged with the rapid advancements in technology, and 40G Ethernet has become possible by means of optical transceivers. The following article will touch on 40G Transceivers in detail.
Introduction to QSFP\QSFP+ Transceiver
40G transceivers mainly include three types, QSFP\QSFP+, CFP, and CXP transceivers etc. The Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) transceiver is intended for use in 40 Gigabit per second links over multimode fiber. Networking hardware is connected with optical cable with such an optical transceiver. The QSFP specification accommodates Ethernet, Fibre Channel, InfiniBand and SONET/SDH standards with different data rate options. QSFP+ transceivers are designed to carry Serial Attached SCSI, 40G Ethernet, QDR (40G) and FDR (56G) Infiniband, and other communications standards. Commonly-seen 40G QSFP\QSFP+ products are QSFP-40G-PLRL4-xx and QSFP-40G-LR4-xx. They share common features: QSFP+ MSA, SFF-8436 compatible, Electrically hot-pluggable, Single 3.3V Power Supply and Power dissipation < 3.5W, Digital Diagnostics Monitoring Interface, ect. The following pictures froml left to right are QSFP-40G-PLRL4-xx and QSFP-40G-LR4-xx.
Introduction to CFP
CFP, short for C form-factor pluggable, is a multi-source agreement to produce a common form-factor for the transmission of high-speed digital signals. The CFP form-factor, as detailed in the MSA, supports both single-mode and multi-mode fiber and a variety of data rates, protocols, and link lengths, including all the physical media-dependent (PMD) interfaces. 40G CFP optical interfaces include the CFP 40G Loopback., used for testing CFP transceiver ports in board level test. Electrical loopback provides a cost effective low loss method for CFP port testing. CFP 40G Loopback is packaged in a standard MSA housing compatible. Transmit data from the host are electrically routed, (internal to the loopback module), to the receive data output and back to the host. The following picture will show you the case.
Introduction to CXP
While talking about CXP, which is targeted at the clustering and high-speed computing markets, it is usually called high-density CXP. CXP optical transceiver is hot pluggable, and supports data rates of 40 Gbps. Also, CXP is more suitable for short-reach market. Of course, a close look at the picture is available.
Fiberstore 40G transceiver solutions offer customers 40 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity options for data center networking, enterprise core aggregation, and service provider transport applications. You can visit fiberstore for more information.
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July 21, 2015
Introduction to SFP Transceiver
An increasing number of people are starting to place focus on networking products, such as Optical products, among which SFP Transceiver doesn’t fail to catch people’s much more attention. In this article, a brief but concise introduction to SFP Transceiver is attributed.
SFP Transceiver stands for Small Form-factor Pluggable, and it has replaced GBIC (Gigabit Interface Converter) on the whole. GBIC is the interface device which converts the gigabit electrical signal into the optical signal. And sometimes, SFP is considered as the upgraded version of GBIC, or named as Mini-GBIC since SFE is half smaller in volume than GBIC. SFP is the changeable product which conforms to the International standards. In terms of size, SFP Transceiver is smaller and the standardized SFP Transceiver meets the norms of the Multi-Source Agreement(MSA), which is applied among competitive manufacturers. SFP Transceiver is one of the most significant optical products witnessed by technological advancements.
This kind of compact, compatible and hot-swappable transceiver is most widely employed in telecommunications and data communications. It serves various networking standards, such as Fiber Channel,and Gigabit Ethernet. It also displays its functions in such networking systems as Wide Area Networks(WAN). As for its types, generally speaking, SFP Transceiver falls on Single-Mode and Multi-Mode fiber type. Allowing for feature of material itself used in these two kinds of SFP types, Single-Mode SFP differs from Multi-Mode SFP in transmission distance and cost. The former can support longer distance than the latter, while the latter needs a lower price compared with the former. Commonly, SFP modules are divided into four different types, including SX-850 nm, for a maximum of 550 m at 1.25 Gbit/s (gigabit Ethernet); LX-1310 nm, for distances up to 10 km; ZX-1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km, with green extraction lever; and DWDM all with copper cable interface, which makes the communication between motherboard and the unshielded twisted pair (UTP) possible.
When it comes to the benefits and advantages of SFP Transceiver, small physical size and mass, and ease of removal and replacement make them popular among companies which want to meet the objectives of broad bandwidth. Because SFP modules can be easily interchanged, it is much more convenient to upgrade and maintain fiber optical networks than what should be done to traditional soldered-in modules under the same situation. While repairing or upgrading the network system, a single module can solve the case with just removing or replacing it, instead of checking and replacing the entire circuit board. In this way, maintenance and upgrading can save you a large amount of money. As for the transmission speed, consumers can experience the rates up to 4.25 Gpbs.
Now you can imagine how convenient and fast it is with all the above-mentioned information in mind.
Fiberstore offers various SFP Transceivers to meet all your needs. What’s more, we also provide Compatible SFP transceivers as alternatives to those branded by Cisco, HP, Juniper etc. All of our SFP transceiver modules come with a lifetime advance replacement warranty and are 100% functionally tested. For more detailed information, please visit Fiberstore.
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July 20, 2015
How to Deal With Unsupported Transceiver Errors?
Recently, the rising debate on how to deal with unsupported transceiver errors has been brought forward again in my community. Transceiver errors are never welcomed by designers or customers, but when they arise, you have to know how to handle this dilemma. This may be the driver to inspire designers and manufacturers to find tips on how to handle these errors, but there are some frequent recommendations that seem to work for most designers who need to know how to address these issues.
What to Do When You Receive an Unsupported Transceiver Error
According to the message you get, there are some methods to address unsupported transceiver errors. For instance, owners of Cisco Catalyst switches are finding that they are not "supposed to" use any SFPs except those produced by Cisco. If you receive this error, "3750e-sw1(config)#service unsupported-transceiverâ€, you should think about whether the error was a result of customer installation or if it was a defective product. If the product is defective, consider contacting someone who can help with the warranty.
Most error messages arise once the device is not certified. If the third-party device has not been sourced from a channel partner, other issues may arise also. Solving the router issue is not really easy. It often requires a transceiver of the same manufacturer as the router to deal with the issue. This is often the best way to resolve the issue. Although, many designers have used "hack codes" to force the devices to work.
And this command disables the port-shutdown upon insertion of an unsupported transceiver. At this point, your Catalyst should happily accept any good quality SFP you plug into it without giving any more back talk.
Remember that there are also hidden commands on some of the devices, and error messages will appear, "service unsupported transceiver†Luckily, there is an option that will "allow other transceivers†It is up to the designers to determine if there is a fault or defect that can be traced to the use of the third-party transceivers.
Benefits of Third-Party Transceivers
The primary benefit is the cost savings. Generally speaking, the cost of an original brand SFP module is more costly than a 3rd party one. Take Cisco SFP GLC-LH-SMD for example, the list price of Cisco is around $ 500.00, however, you can simply find a 3rd party SFP modules which takes a price reduction at up to 90% off. The 3rd-party compatible fiber optic transceiver modules cost much less than the origin brands, which will help save much more on the their item system.
Conclusion
Keep in mind that each transceiver complies with IEEE and MSA standards to avoid unsupported transceiver errors. As long as the recommendations are followed, most problems should be resolved in a short period of time.
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