HP Inc. Takes Innovation Risks With New Line Of Commercial PCs

In the PC and mobile world, with new processor launches come refreshed product lines. HP Inc’s latest commercial offerings are no different as they’ve introduced the latest and greatest technologies into their new commercial laptops, SFF (small form factor) PCs and room computing solutions, including their AIOs (All-in-one). As Hewlett-Packard has split in two, the HP Inc. is looking for new ways to create products that their commercial customers desire, and even more importantly, need. Their consumer business has successfully done this with their latest premium consumer notebooks and I’m optimistic on their commercial line, too.

HP Inc’s announcement includes introductions into their EliteBook series as well as their EliteDesk and EliteOne product lines. HP Inc’s newly designed EliteBook 705 G3 series is offered initially with Advanced Micro Device’s new AMD PRO A12 APUs with 12.5”, 14” and 15.6” displays in a multitude of resolutions. The lightest version will be 2.78 lbs and as thin as 18.9mm, which makes it a fairly attractive notebook that sells for $749 and up. HP Inc. says these are the world’s thinnest and lightest mainstream business-class notebooks and by the looks of it, they are lighter and thinner than Dell’s Vostro line and Lenovo’s ThinkPads. This new design ID helps bring HP and Advanced Micro Devices together in an attractive and lightweight package that also has good performance and is affordable for broad deployment. It’s been a long time since Advanced Micro Devices APUs were launched before Intel’s new crop of designs.

These new product announcements from HP Inc. mark a strong move by HP Inc. to introduce more Advanced Micro Devices-based products into their commercial product lines. It also shows that Advanced Micro Devices is delivering on their promises of getting more commercial PC design wins. AMD’s Elite One, for example, comes in two different flavors, the EliteOne 705 G2 and the EliteOne 800 G2. The 705 comes in an AMD flavor at $849 while the Intel-based 800 series starts at $1,199, meaning that the 705 allows for commercial clients to squeeze in more upgrades or simply spend less for a comparable experience. The overall investment in AMD technologies looks big and is a big win for AMD with the new.

HP Inc. has put greater focus on future technologies with all of these new systems, which includes the optional ability for wireless charging in both flavors of the new EliteOne all-in-one systems. While wireless charging isn’t necessarily something new, HP Inc. demonstrates it understands the future of work and the importance of wireless charging being a huge focus in the future. This is why they are supporting all three wireless charging standards rather than just the Qi standard. I really wish more phones supported wireless charging, but I suspect that this is more of a chicken and egg problem, if there’s nowhere to really charge then having the feature included on phones isn’t really a priority. Hopefully HP Inc. will be one of the visionary companies to help push the enterprise into a truly wireless mobile future.

In addition to the new EliteBook Notebooks and EliteOne all-in-one systems, HP Inc. is also launching new small form factor (SFF) systems that are both Intel and AMD-based and refreshed with the latest Intel processors and Advanced Micro Devices APUs. In fact, both the HP Inc. EliteDesk systems, the EliteDesk 800 G2 and the EliteDesk 705 G2 deliver Intel and AMD’s 6th generation of processors, be that Skylake from Intel or "Godavari” from AMD. This means that all of the systems HP Inc. is offering up are absolutely the latest and greatest from both companies and are extremely geared towards Windows 10 and security. HP Inc. also says their EliteDesk 700 and 800 G2 series PCs to be the world’s smallest business-class desktops at only 5.9x7x1.3” in size. This appears true, given Dell’s Optiplex Micro is 7x7x1.4” in size and Lenovo’s ThinkCentre Tiny Desktop is also 7x7x1.3”. HP Inc’s ability to continue to shrink the footprint of these small form factor (SFF) PCs means that the company is continually looking to improve the places where these machines can be used and responding to customer feedback to create smaller machines. It’s just the way the market is headed for mainstream PC computing.

But HP Inc. didn’t stop with traditional desktop and notebook systems, they are also taking a serious look at collaboration and updating their HP Inc. Collaboration PC with the G2, which leverages the EliteDesk 800 Mini Desktop with HP Inc’s exclusive partnership with Intel that utilizes Intel’s Unite Skype for Business plug-in, which I had a chance to test, that is designed to allow for seamless video conferencing via Skype. All of this hardware and software is paired with HP Inc’s EliteDisplay E240c video conferencing monitor, which is designed to turn the computer and the whole room into a conference room ready for collaboration with a built-in webcam and thin design. The E240c is a 23.8” monitor, so it won’t by any means be for a huge conference room, but could easily serve as a great way to easily conference a remote person into a conference room.

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Fiber Optic Transceivers – How to Classify Them?

Fiber optic transceivers serve as an optical module to facilitate photoelectric conversion where the transmitter end takes in and converts the electrical signal into light signal. They are classified into different categories based on different standards, such as the optic mode, the network management, and the power supply. The following passages discuss these standards in details.

In relation to this standard, fiber optic transceivers are available in single-mode transceivers and multi-mode transceivers

Single-mode Transceivers

Single-mode transceivers operate over single-mode fibers (SMF). And SMF has a higher tolerance for the optic used than multi-mode fibers (MMF). The fiber core is smaller and the wavelength of the laser is narrower. This means that SMF has the capacity to accommodate higher bandwidth at the much longer distance in the transmission of the optical signals. Single-mode transceivers work mainly in 1310mn and 1550mn wavelength and are mostly used in long distance transmission environment, reaching 2 km, 10 km, 40 km, 60 km, 80 km and 120 km. 10GBASE-LR just belong to this single-mode transceiver interface type. For example, Fiberstore compatible JD094B, fully compatible with HP devices, works in 1310mn with the longest data transfer distance up to 10km.

Multi-mode Transceivers

Multi-mode transceivers work over MMF. MMF uses a much bigger core and usually uses a longer wavelength of light. Because of this, the optics used in MMF have a higher capability to gather light from the laser. In practical terms, this means the optics are cheaper. The common multi-mode SFPs work in 850nm wavelength and are only used for short distance transmission, reaching from 100 m to 500 m. 10GBASE-SR is one of the most commonly used interface types for multi-mode transceivers, like Cisco SFP-10G-SR. Fiberstore compatible Cisco SFP-10G-SR uses a 85Onm FP laser with 300m link length.

When classify fiber optic transceivers by this standard, two prominent types occur: managed optic transceivers and unmanaged optic transceivers. The former is more expensive than the latter, but this form of transceiver offers additional network monitoring with fault detection and remote configuration functionality. As for the unmanaged optic transceiver, although this kind of transceiver doesn't provide the monitoring function as the former, it allows the devices that are connected to unmanaged optical transceivers to communicate automatically.

This classification leads to two types: built-in switching power transceiver and eternal power supply transceiver. The built-in switching power transceiver is designed for the carrier grade power. It supports equipment power protection, filters, and a wide power supply voltage regulator, reducing the external point of failure arising from the mechanical contact. By contrast,the external power supply transceiver is made for multi-use civilian equipment, and it is compact and cheap.

Actually, the standards used to define fiber optic transceivers are not definitely limited to what have been talked above. Other standards can also be based upon, like the work rate, and connector type. Fiberstore provides fiber optic transceivers which are 100% compatible with such major brands as Cisco (eg.Cisco SFP-10G-SR), HP (eg. JD094B), NETGEAR (eg. NETGEAR AGM731F). Additionally, fiber optic transceivers can also be customized to meet your needs. For more information about fiber optic transceivers, you can visit Fiberstore.

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Juniper Earnings Preview: Better Demand, New Products To Drive Sales

Juniper is scheduled to report its third quarter earnings on Thursday, October 22. Despite the headwinds it has been facing, Juniper was able to reduce the magnitude of revenue declines for its three struggling divisions – routing, switching and security – in the second quarter of the year, thanks to an improvement in demand, better product performance and the recognition of deferred revenues. In the third quarter, we expect the company’s performance to see a further improvement, driven by an increase in capital spending by carriers and a larger contribution from new products. In fact, Juniper has mentioned recently that it expects routing and switching sales to rebound in the second half of 2015.

In the first half of 2014, Juniper’s routing sales saw high-single digit growth over the prior year period, driven by consistent capital spending by carriers due to the proliferation of mobile devices and high-quality video content on the web. However, the segment has since struggled due to sluggish demand from U.S. carriers in the core and edge router markets. Nevertheless, the capital spending environment began to improve in the second quarter and is expected to get better in the second half of the year, which bodes well for Juniper. Additionally, a realigned switching strategy, strong performance from new products and a strong software defined networking platform are likely to drive switching sales in the third quarter.

Our $28 price estimate for Juniper is slightly below the current market price.

Improved Demand To Drive Results

For a while now, Juniper has been optimistic that U.S. service provider demand will improve notably during the second half of 2015. There was some improvement in carriers’ spending in the second quarter, which helped the company bring down the intensity of its revenue decline across segments. During the recently concluded third quarter, demand likely improved further as carriers increased spending to put their newly licensed wireless spectrum to use.

The Federal Communications Commission auctioned about 1,600 licenses as part of its AWS-3 auction in January this year, which generated a record breaking $41.3 billion in revenue for the U.S. government. Verizon and AT&T, Juniper’s major clients, emerged as the top players in the auction, with about 70% of the winning bids between the two. For the third quarter, both Verizon and AT&T are likely to have seen healthy capital spending, which would benefit Juniper’s financials.

Juniper also expects to see a rise in demand from international enterprise customers looking to build and expand their networks. In addition, cloud and cable customers are also likely to contribute to the increase in demand for network equipment. Though these factors are likely to be more significant in the long run, they should have had a marginal impact on the demand in Q3 as well.

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The Most Suitable Solution for Fiber Optic Networks

Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds, and they have a large carrying capacity or bandwidth. Fiber patch cords can be the most suitable solution nowadays for such requirements because of their reliable data transmission and increased bandwidth.

A fiber optic patch cable, often called fiber optic patch cord or fiber jumper cable, is a fiber optic cable made of pure glass as thin as hair and capped at either end with connectors. Different fiber patch cables include their respective connectors. FC, SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, FDDI, E2000, DIN4, and D4 types are all available, among which ST and LC connectors are often used in cable configurations, such as ST-LC fiber jumper. Besides, MPO connectors are also popular among users. In multi-fiber connection system, MPO patch cords play an important part, as they are both space- and money-saving, while improving scalability.

Common fiber patch cables can be found in simplex and duplex, multi-mode and single-mode with ST-ST, ST-SC, SC-SC connectors. The two prominent types are single-mode fiber (SMF) and multi-modefibers (MMF) patch cables.

Fiber optic patch cables are often utilized in communication rooms, FTTH (Fiber to The Home), LAN (Local Area Network), data processing networks, premise installations, etc. They've revolutionized the entire network industry of telephones, cables, Internet, audio applications, etc. The fiber patch cables offer accurate signal transfer that is totally distortion free.

Compared with the conventional twisted-pair cables, fiber optic patch cords permit higher-speed data transmission and greater bandwidth. For long-distance communications, fiber optic cable is especially advantageous such applications as the light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).

For short distance application, such as a network in an office building, fiber-optic cabling can save space in cable ducts. This is because a single fiber can carry much more data than electrical cable. Fiber patch cord is also immune to electrical interference as there is no cross-talk between signals in different cables and no pickup of environmental noise. The non-armored fiber cables do not conduct electricity, which makes fiber patch cable a good solution for protecting communications equipment in high voltage environments, such as power generation facilities, or metal communication structures prone to lighting strikes. They can also be used in environments where explosive fumes are present, without danger of ignition.

When installing fiber patch cables, attention must be paid to ensure that cable is not bent, stretched or deformed. Once the fiber core breaks and becomes faulty, or the fiber optic core is deformed or damaged, signal distortion will occur, In such cases, intermittent signal faults are potential. Thus, it requirement great care to install fiber patch cables.

Notice that fiber patch cords are utilized with SFP transceiver modules of different kinds for different Gigabit transmission speed. Take 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) applications for example, SFP-10G-SR is the most widely-used with MMF to for duplex optical data communications.

Fiber optic patch cables play a really important part in telecommunications for making transmission faster and more accurate. Fiberstore fiber optic patch cables suit for all standard fiber optic equipment. Besides SMF, MMF, MPO patch cords, other special patch cables are also available in Fiberstore. For more information about fiber optic patch cables and related SFP transceivers (SFP-10G-SR included), please visit Fiberstore.

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Corning Earnings: Optical Communications Offsets Declines Across Other Segments

Corning announced its second quarter results on July 28, reporting a 5.6% decline in sales as a result of foreign currency headwinds. However, its core sales – which exclude the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations and other charges – were flat, as sales across all segments but Optical Communications declined. The Optical Communications segment has been growing at a rapid pace due to the growth in demand for fiber optics by data centers and fiber-to-the-home networks. We expect to see the same trends continue into the next quarter as well.

Corning GLW -1.17% reported core sales of $2.52 billion, missing market estimates by $20 million. However, the company managed to exceed earnings per share estimates by $0.01, reaching $0.38, thanks to its share buyback. In the third quarter, Corning bought back $616 million of common stock. The company has now announced a new $2 billion share repurchase program.

See our complete analysis of Corning here.

The growing video content on websites and increased usage of cloud-based services has been driving internet traffic. The proliferation of smartphones and tablets has also added to the internet traffic by enabling easy access. In order to cater to the increased traffic, service providers have been forced to upgrade their networks from copper wire to optical fiber-based networks. Consumers are also moving to fiber networks due to the higher speeds. This helped drive Optical Communications’ second quarter core sales, which grew 16.6% to reach $800 million.

Demand from hyperscale data centers also helped drive growth at the segment. Hyperscale data centers have been growing rapidly due to their ability to serve high computing demands without having to increase resources. Since fiber optics are an essential part of their infrastructure, growth in hyperscale data centers is also driving Corning’s Optical Communications sales.

Sales of fiber optic cable will likely see strong demand in the future as internet traffic continues to rise. Cisco forecasts that the global network traffic will grow at an average rate of 23% every year through 2018. We also expect to see growth in Corning’s Optical Communications segment in the second half of the year, driven by the consolidation of TR Manufacturing and Samsung Electronics fiber optics business. Corning acquired TR Manufacturing in January. TR Manufacturing is a provider of fiber-optic and copper cable interconnects and electro-mechanical assemblies to original equipment manufacturers. Corning acquired Samsung Electronics’ fiber optics business on March 31. The acquisition led to the integration of Samsung’s fiber optic manufacturing facilities in South Korea and China into Corning’s Optical Communications division.

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How to Select the Correct Transceivers?

Owing to the rapid progress made in optical technologies, the high-speed and high-performance data transmission in telecommunication applications has been made possible with the deployment of fiber optical products. Transceivers, as one of the key components required for such network performance, have been constantly designed, and finally been reinvented as hot-pluggable to meet the demands of higher density and flexibility.

A transceiver, as the name refers, is a combination of a transmitter and a receiver in a single package, while they function independently for bidirectional communication. A transceiver basically converts incoming optical signal to electrical and outgoing electrical signal to optical. There is an ocean of hot-pluggable transceivers out there in telecommunication market, causing the confusion about how to select the correct transceivers for your networking transmission. In this blog, I will illustrate different aspects of transceivers that need to be known before purchasing a transceiver.

Multi-source agreements (MSAs) between different equipment vendors specify guidelines for electrical and optical interfaces, mechanical dimensions and electro-magnetic specification of a transceiver. The equipment vendors follow these MSA defined values for designing their systems to ensure interoperability between interface modules. The form-factor or the MSA-type is needed so that the transceiver can mechanically and electrically fit into a given switch, router, etc. Transceiver MSAs define mechanical form factors including electric interface as well as power consumption and cable connector types. There are various MSA types: SFP, SFP+, XFP, CFP, CFP2, CFP4, QSFP and so on.

Transmission media can be single-mode fiber (SMF), multi-mode fiber(MMF) and also copper. The single-mode fiber based standard transceivers can have a transmission distance of 5km to 120km, thanks to single-mode fiber’s lower attenuation. While the multi-mode transceivers are defined from 150m to 5km. For instance, 1000BASE-LX is a single-mode transceiver standard. Fiberstore compatible Cisco GLC-LH-SMD (Left in the image below)) is such a kind with the distance up to 10km over SMF. Besides, the GLC-LH-SMD price listed on Fiberstore is really cost-effective and it is worth your try. And 10GBASE-LRM SFP is a kind of multi-mode transceiver. Fiberstore compatible Cisco SFP-10G-LRM (Right in the image below) reaches the maximum link length of 220m over MMF. The difference in transmission distance also arises from different transmitter power, receiver sensitivity and the wavelength in operation.

The transceivers functioning in wide 1310nm and 1550nm are called "grey”, while those functioning in one of the grids falling in CWDM or DWDM grid are called "colored”. The transceivers can also be simplex or bi-di which transmits and receives the data in a single fiber but different wavelengths. The duplex, on the other hand, works with dual fiber.

There are four basic types of internal construction, but you have to choose the one that suits the best for your applications. One of the most popular types is the distribution or tight pack. The second type of construction is the breakout or fanout design. This design gives each buffered fiber its own individual jacket and is a more durable design. The zip cord or assembly is another type of internal construction that is offered to the designers. This is one of the preferred internal construction options. In this construction, one or two buffered fibers in individual jackets should be considered.

Selecting the best type of transceiver for the switch and network is not always easy, but knowing above discussed parameters beforehand helps you narrow it down to a couple of transceivers. Fiberstore, a leading optical product manufacturer, supplies a series of SFP transceivers, available in single-mode, multi-mode, and copper standard, such as GLC-LH-SM, Cisco GLC-SX-MM, SFP-GE-T, etc. (GLC-LH-SMD, Cisco SFP-10G-LRM mentioned above also included). You can visit Fiberstore for more information SFP transceivers.

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Introduction to NETGEAR Compatible 1000BASE-SX Transceiver Modules

NETGEAR compatible 1000BASE-SX transceiver modules provide you with a highly adaptable network. They are RoHS compliant and designed for multi-mode fibers (MMF). The widely used NETGEAR compatible 1000Base-SX transceiver modules are NETGEAR AGM721F and NETGEAR AGM731F. This article will mainly introduce these two types of NETGEAR compatible 1000BASE-SX transceiver modules.

Overview

This hot-pluggable NETGEAR compatible GBIC transceiver operates at the wavelength of 850nm and is designed for MMF. It is compliant with GBIC interface converters specification Rev. 5.5 as well as Gigabit Ethernet standard as specified in IEEE 802.3z. This optical transceiver consists of three sections: the transmitter section which incorporates a VCSEL laser, the receiver section that uses an InGaAs detector preamplifier (IDP) mounted in an optical header, and a limited post-amplifier IC section. The optical output can be disabled by a TTL logic high-level input of Tx Disable. Tx Fault is provided to indicate degradation of the laser. Loss of signal (LOS) output is provided to indicate the loss of an input optical signal of the receiver.

Applications

• Fiber Channel links
• WDM Gigabit Ethernet Links
• SONET/SDH equipment interconnect

Technical SpecificationsThe table below shows the technical specifications of NETGEAR AGM 721F. Overview

This 1000Base-SX SFP transceiver is also designed for MMF, and operates at a nominal wavelength of 850nm. It is hot pluggable 3.3V small-form-factor transceiver module designed expressly for high-speed communication applications that require rates of up to 1.25Gbit/sec. The post-amplifier of the transceiver also includes a LOS circuit that provides a TTL logic-high output when an unusable optical signal level is detected.

This transceiver (NETGEAR AGM731F) is compliant with the Gigabit Ethernet standards, as well as the SFP Multi-source Agreement (MSA). It provides with the LC receptacle that is compatible with the industry standard LC connector. The transceiver is also compatible with industry standard RFT connector and cage. This kind of transceiver is a Class 1 eye safety product. The optical power levels, under normal operation, are at eye safe level.

Key Features

• Operating data rate up to 1.25 Gbps
• +3.3V single power supply
• Hot-pluggable SFP footprint duplex LC connector Interface
• Data Link up to 550m in 50/125µm Multi Mode Fiber
• Data Link up to 275m in 62.5/125µm Multi Mode Fiber
• Compliant with the 1.0625GBd Fibre Channel 100-SM-LC-L FC-PI Rev.13

Applications

• Gigabit Ethernet
• Fibre Channel
• Switch to Switch interface
• Switched backplane applications
• File server interface

Fiberstore designs, develops, manufactures and markets a diverse portfolio of high-performance, cost- competitive products for all fiber optic communication applications. The company supplies a series of compatible NETGEAR 1000BASE SFP modules. Besides NETGEAR compatible 1000BASE-SX SFPs (NETGEAR AGM731F), available compatible NETGEAR 1000BASE SFP modules also include NETGEAR compatible 1000BASE-LX SFPs (NETGEAR AGM732F) and NETGEAR compatible 1000BASE-ZX SFPs (AGM733), an so on. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about compatible NETGEAR SFP modules.

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Single-mode SFP Transceiver vs. Multi-mode SFP Transceiver

Last publication just touched on single-mode and multi-mode fibers and their related SFP transceivers, respectively. Here, SFP transceivers can be classified into single-mode SFP and multi-mode SFP according to the types of optical fibers on which SFP transceivers work. For example, single-mode SFP works over single-mode fiber (SMF) cables, and multi-mode SFP works over multi-mode fiber (MMF) cables.

So, what's the difference between single-mode and multi-mode SFP? Do you understand? Today, this article will focus on this topic.

SMF has much tighter tolerances for optics used. The core is smaller and the laser wavelength is narrower. This means that SMF has the capability for higher bandwidth and much longer distances in transmission. The bale clasp of single-mode SFPs is usually designed in blue, yellow or purple. And the color of compatible fiber optic patch cord is yellow. Single-mode SFPs work mainly in 1310nm and 1550nm wavelength and are mostly used in long distance transmission environment, reaching 2 km, 10 km, 40 km, 60 km, 80 km and 120 km. The following table shows single-mode SFP/fiber type compatibility matrix types.

MMF uses a much bigger core and usually uses a longer wavelength of light. Because of this, the optics used in MMF have a higher capability to gather light from the laser. In practical terms, this means the optics are cheaper. The common multi-mode SFPs work in 850nm wavelength and are only used for short distance transmission, reaching 100 m and 500 m. Their color coded bale clasp and color arrow on label are black and the used fiber optic patch cord is usually orange. 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LX4, and 10GBASE-LRM are all interface types of multi-mode SFPs. Among these multi-mode SFPs, 1000BASE-SX SFPs are one of the most-commonly used type. Take Cisco 1000BASE-SX SFPs for example, Fiberstore compatible GLC-SX-MMD Cisco is designed to operate over multi-mode fiber cables.

When you use whether single-mode SFPs or multi-mode SFPs, you should keep these in mind:

• Ensure that SFPs in both ends of the fiber patch cord are of the same wavelength and consistent in color coding.

• Avoid extreme bends of fiber optic cables as this will increase the attenuation of transmitted light.

• If you don’t use the SFP, you must use the dust plug to protect the optical port.

• To ensure the data accuracy, short-wave SFP modules are used with multi-mode fibers (ie. orange fiber patch cord), while long-wave SFP modules with single-mode fiber (ie. yellow fiber patch cord).

When you choose SFP transceivers, transmission distance, fiber types and cost come into first during your decision, since these factors help to choose the right SFP transceivers more efficiently. Fiberstore supplies various kinds of these fiber optic transceivers available in both single-mode and multi-mode, including the above-mentioned 1000BASE-SX SFP (GLC-SX-MM-RGD), 1000BASE-LX SFP, 10GBASE-SR SFP, and so on. Additionally, CWDM and DWDM SFPs can also be found in Fiberstore. In a word, here, you can find your suitable SFP transceiver type for your network transmission.

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Fast Ethernet – Copper-based vs. Fiber Optics-based Standards

To deal with the strong demands of utilizing faster media, mounting bandwidth and play "traffic cop” to an ever-growing network infrastructure, there occurred Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet successively. And it is of great importance for network designers to understand basics of Ethernet technologies to manage networks. This article will touch on Fast Ethernet technology, mainly describing its two types of transmission media: copper and fiber optics.

In computer networking, Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s (the original Ethernet speed was 10 Mbit/s). It was introduced in 1995 as the IEEE 802.3u standard and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before it was superseded by the Gigabit Ethernet.

Just as its name shows, Fast Ethernet is an extension of the existing Ethernet standard. It is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X, where "X" is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants. The "100" in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s, while the "BASE” refers to baseband signaling. The letter following the dash ("T” or "F”) refers to the physical medium that carries the signal (twisted-pair cable or fiber, respectively), while the last character ("X", "4", etc.) refers to the used encoding method., such as 100BASE-T and 100BASE-FX. That is to say, Fast Ethernet runs on unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables or optical fiber cables.

100BASE-T—Of all the copper-based Fast Ethernet standards, 100BASE-T is one of the most-commonly used standard and is specified for twisted-pair cables with link lengths up to 100 m (328 ft). Almost all 100BASE-T installations are 100BASE-TX.

100BASE-TX—100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet. It uses CAT5-rated twisted-pair copper cable to connect various hubs, switches and end-nodes. It also uses an RJ45 jack just like 10BASE-T.

There are also 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-T2 standardized for copper SFPs (small form-factor pluggable) to operate on UTP.

Fast Ethernet optical standards also include 100BASE-LX10 and 100BASE-BX, which are designed to run over single-mode fibers (SMF).

Fast Ethernet broke through the speed limit from 10 megabits per second to 100Mbps, and tackled the strong demand for high transmission speeds. Fiberstore supplies both 100BASE copper SFPs and optical SFPs for Fast Ethernet transmission, such as 100BASE-FX SFP (Cisco GLC-FE-100FX also included), 100BASE-LX10 SFP, 100BASE-EX SFP, etc. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about 100BASE SFPs for Fast Ethernet transmission.

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Cisco Digital Diagnostic Monitoring Interface for Optical Transceiver

With the widespread recognition of Cisco optical products, such as Cisco switches and routers, Cisco GBIC transceivers and Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP) transceivers for telecommunications applications have gained more and more popularity and reputation in the market. When customers choose Cisco optical transceivers, what do you require besides basic specification? Have you encountered SFPs with or without digital diagnostic monitoring (DDM) interface, such as 1000BASE-SX SFP (eg. Cisco GLC-SX-MM or Cisco GLC-SX-MMD)? What is DDM? What can it be used for?

Digital diagnostic monitoring is also known as diagnostic optical monitoring (DOM). The diagnostic monitoring interface outlined in the SFF-8472 MSA (Multi-Source Agreement) is an extension of the serial ID interface defined in the GBIC specification, as well as in the SFP MSA. Nowadays, many modern optical SFP transceivers are designed to support digital diagnostics monitoring functions according to the industry standard MSA SFF-8472.

Actually, when customers buy Cisco optical transceivers, it is highly possible to have a dilemma between SFP with DDM or SFP without DDM. On March 8, 2013, Cisco announced the end of sale of its SFP transceiver Cisco GLC-SX-MM transceiver and published a replacement—Cisco GLC-SX-MMD transceiver. "D” in Cisco GLC-SX-MMD here just means the DDM function which is not designed in Cisco GLC-SX-MM. The following image is a product: NEW Cisco GLC-SX-MMD Compatible 1000BASE-SX SFP 850nm 550m EXT DDM Transceiver Module.

Don't just judge DDM functions from its name. Certainly, DDM interface allows for component monitoring on transceiver applications in great details. Additionally, DDM interface includes a system of alarm and warning flags which alert the host system when particular operating parameters are not in line with the normal operating parameters set by the factory. Consequently, users can find fault isolation according to outcomes of DDM, and predict failure possibilities and prevent such fault.

• Real-time digital diagnostic sensors—Via the two wire serial interface, the end user can access real-time internal measurements of the transceiver temperature, supply voltage, transmitter bias current, transmitter output power, and received optical power.

• Alarm and Warning thresholds —Corresponding high alarm, low alarm, high warning and low warning thresholds are defined in SFF-8472. The threshold values, which are typically defined by the vendor and factory preset, allow the user to determine whether or not the transceiver is operating outside target limits for desired performance.

An optional set of alarm and warning flags is also defined. When the alarm and warning feature is enabled, the transceiver, in addition to cyclically performing internal measurements of the diagnostic read-back parameters and digitally storing on memory, also checks how these read-back values compare with programmed alarm/warning threshold values.

By continually polling the alarm and warning flag bytes via its system software, the user has the power to better screen transceiver performance, so as to avoid the occurrence of link failures and potential system downtime.

Optical transceivers with DDM/DOM interfaces give the end user the ability to monitor parameters of the SFP, such as optical output power, optical input power, temperature, laser bias current, and transceiver supply voltage, in real time. This partly explains why Cisco GLC-SX-MMD replaced Cisco GLC-SX-MM. Although it is not designed with DDM function, GLC-SX-MM is still used by many users since it performs the similar functions as GLC-SX-MMD and costs less. Fiberstore supplies optical transceivers with DDM and without DDM to satisfy customers' different needs. Please feel free to contact us and visit Fiberstore for more information.

Article Resource:

https://www.fs.com/blog/digital-diagnostic-monitoring-introduction.html

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1000BASE-T vs. 1000BASE-TX

Many papers and articles have been contributed to the comparison between copper cabling and fiber cabling. Admittedly, fiber optic cabling have advantages over copper lines in terms of speed, capacity, bandwidth, etc. But this article will touch on another topic about copper-based Ethernet: 1000BASE-T vs. 1000BASE-TX.

The 1000BASE designation is an IEEE shorthand identifier. The "1000” in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 1000 Mbps. The "BASE” refers to base-band signaling, which means that only Ethernet signals are carried on the medium. The physical layer standard available for 1000 Gigabit Ethernet is twisted-pair cables (1000BASE-T). Before a deep discussion about comparison between 1000BASE-T and 1000BASE-TX is going on, the respective introduction to these two standards is included.

1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over copper wiring. It uses four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair to achieve the Gigabit data rate. Each 1000BASE-T network segment can be a maximum length of 100m (330 feet). Typical applications of 1000BASE-T involve server witching in data centers, uplinks from desk computer switches. Or it is used directly to the desktop for broadband applications. Nowadays, 1000BASE-T modules are still widely used for Gigabit Ethernet transmission. For example, Fiberstore’s compatible Cisco 1000BASE-T Copper RJ45 (SFP-GE-T) operates on standard Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling with link lengths up to 100 m, and supports LAN 1000Base-T Fibre Channel, switch to switch interface, server interface, and so on.

1000BASE-TX, also known as TIA/EIA-854, was a standard created and promoted by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). This standard is similar to 1000BASE-T, but uses two pairs of wires for data transmission: one for sending data at speeds of 500Mbps, and the other for receiving data at comparable speeds on Category 6 or 7 cables. Though the simplified design of 1000BASE -TX has, in theory, reduced the cost of the required electronics by two pairs of wires, actually, this 1000BASE-TX solution has not been widely recognized because of the high costs of the required Category 6 and 7 cables and the falling price of 1000BASE-T products.

First, let's begin with their designs to differ the two standards. The 1000Base-T configuration adds a significant amount of complexity because of the bi-directional transmission (two-way transmission on a single pair). This design requires the use of hybrids to separate the transmission path from the receive path.It also requires high-powered digital signal processors (DSPs) to cancel the echoes generated by the near and far-end hybrids. By contrast, the design of 1000BASE-TX is simpler, requiring no hybrids, nor echo cancellation.

Second, difference lies in their transmission aspects. Each employs a different transmission technique and bit rate. 802.3ab (1000Base-T) calls for a 250 Mbits/sec bit rate, applied bi-directionally on each of the four pairs, in full duplex, while TIA/EIA-854 (1000Base-TX) calls for a 500 Mbits/sec bit rate, applied unidirectionally on each pair, so that the transmit path is physically separated from the receive path.

Last, the difference falls on cost. Just as what has been discussed above, the design of 1000Base-TX does not require hybrids, but its requirements for electronics and Category 6 and 7 cables are more expensive than 1000BASE-T configuration requirements.

After discussion, you may already have a choice in your mind as which one is better to be deployed according to budget and application of your project. As for 1000BASE-T SFPs, Fiberstore supplies 100% compatible copper SFP modules for your copper Ethernet. Besides Cisco SFP-GE-T, HP JD089B can also be found in Fiberstore. Of course, Fiberstore 1000BASE-T Auto Negotiation 1000BASE-TRJ45 Copper SFPs are also in large stock. You can visit Fiberstore to find a suitable 1000BASE-T SFP module for your copper network.

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Cisco CWDM SFP Solution Overview

Cisco Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) solution has made scalable and easy-to-deploy Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel services possible in their networks. This solution mainly combines several different CWDM SFPs (small form-factor pluggable) and a set of CWDM passive multiplexers/demultiplexers or OADMs (optical add-drop multiplexers) to enable flexible network services. This kind of solution is a convenient and cost-effective one.

Before we gain a better understanding of CWDM SFP solution, we can have a look at CWDM SFPs first, an important component in this solution.

A CWDM SFP is a small form factor pluggable module for bi-directional serial optical data communications, and used as a part of CWDM optical network to provide high-capacity bandwidth across an optical fiber network. It is a hot-swappable transceiver component that is used to connect fiber cables and switches. It is designed for single-mode fibers and operates at a nominal wavelength of CWDM wavelength. The image below shows the outlook of CWDM SFP.

Now, let’s return to point CWDM SFP solution. The following passages mainly discuss three advantages of Cisco CWDM SFP solution.

Cisco CWDM solution is scalable, meaning that multiple channels can be provided as data demands increase. The scalability of CWDM SFP solution enables the transmission of up to eight channels over single-mode fibers. Besides, CWDM SFP transceivers are hot-swappable and they can be easily installed. What’s more, the devices contained in CWDM SFP solution are passive and require no power. Various network configurations ranging from multi-channel point-to-point to hub and meshed-ring configurations make this scalable CWDM SFP solution desirable for designers in telecommunication industry.

The components of Cisco CWDM SFP solution offer in Fiberstore are reliable and become a preferred choice for designers to avoid deployment failure incurred by other devices with low quality, thus saving money. In addition, while allowing enterprises and service providers to increase the bandwidth of an existing Gigabit Ethernet optical infrastructure, CWDM SFP solution doesn’t need to add any additional fibers. This solution can also be used in conjunction with other Cisco SFP devices on the same platform. In this way, investment can be protected.

Cisco CWDM SFP solution takes advantage of a multi-channel architecture and the inherent protection of ring architectures. At the channel endpoints, layer redundancy and failover mechanisms are used to allow designers to build highly available links. Additionally, in a ring architecture, the two-path link configurations are used to provide protection from fiber cuts.

Cisco CWDM SFP solution offers functionality in increasing network capacities and data transmission speed. Fiberstore, as a third party, offers CWDM SFP solution components, like CWDM multiplexers/demultiplexers, OADM, and CWDM SFPs. Besides CWDM SFPs, other Cisco compatible SFPs are also supplied, such as Cisco GLC-SX-MM and Cisco GLC-SX-MMD. You can see GLC-SX-MM price at Fiberstore.

Related Article:

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/cwdm-transceiver-modules/product_data_sheet09186a00801a557c.html

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Two Important Aspects of Fiber Optic Transceivers

There are numerous different types of fiber optical transceivers available in telecommunication market that can be used for various applications. When you choose fiber optic transceivers for your fiber networks, do you know how they work? What are their specific applications? This article mainly contributes to answering those two questions.

Before we discuss the two important aspects, it’s necessary to know the structure of a fiber optical transceiver, so that a better understanding of its working principle can be obtained.

Just as its name show, a fiber optic transceiver contains a fiber optic transmitter and a fiber optic receiver in a single module. There are four types of source for the transmitter that can convert the electrical signals into optical signals.: LEDs(light emitting diode), fabry-perot (FP) lasers, distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). They are tiny semiconductor chips. In a fiber optic receiver, semiconductor detectors (photodiodes or photodetectors) are used to convert optical signals to electrical signals.

A fiber-optic transceiver is known for receiving information from one end of the optical fiber and sending it through another fiber. The transmitter and the receiver are arranged in parallel in a fiber optic transceiver, so they can operate independently. And both the receiver and the transmitter have their own circuitry and can handle transmissions in both directions. In the fiber optics, information is sent in the form of pulses of the light. The light pulses have to be converted into electrical ones in order to be utilized by an electronic device. This process is done by the fiber optic receiver. In its fiber optic data links, the transmitter converts an electrical signal into an optical signal, which is coupled with a connector and transmitted through a fiber optic cable. The light from the end of the cable is coupled to a receiver, where a detector converts the light back into an electrical signal.

Fiber optic transceivers are utilized in various applications. Networking applications and radio applications are the most common places that they are deployed. Other target applications include FTTH (fiber to the home), Base Station (3G SFP CPRI/ 6G SFP+ CPRI), Fibre Channel (4G SFP/ 8G SFP+) and Ethernet systems (from 100Mbps to 10Gbps with different form factor / SFF, SFP, XFP and SFP+).

Fiberstore supplies a full range of fiber optical transceivers, such as SFP+ (SFP Plus) transceiver, X2 transceiver, and XFP transceiver. All our fiber transceivers are 100% compatible with major brands, including Cisco, like GLC-SX-MMD Cisco and Cisco GLC-SX-MM-RGD. Customized optical transceivers can also be offered by Fiberstore. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about optical transceivers to meet your needs.

Reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication

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Fiber Optic Transceiver Modules Information

In the telecommunication industry, pulses of light are transmitted at high speed and with great accuracy in Gigabit Ethernet by using various optical products, including optical transceivers. There are numerous different form factors and optics types available in telecommunication market, such as XFP, GBIC, SFP/SFP+, or other transceivers. Are you confused by them? The following passages will provide information about these three standards for optical transceivers.

The XFP (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) is a standard for transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber. It is the first small form factor 10GbE optics, not dependent on protocol. The specifications of XPF were developed by the XFP Multi Source Agreement (MSA) Group. Generally, it operates at optical wavelengths of 850nm, 1310nm or 1550nm. Fiberstore’s Cisco XFP10GLR-192SR-L is suitable for 10 GbE datacom (belly-to-belly for high density applications) and storage area network (SAN/NAS) applications based on the IEEE 802.3ae and Fibre Channel standards. Here is the picture of this product.

A GBIC (gigabit interface converter) is typically used in gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channels. By offering a standard, hot swappable electrical interface, one gigabit port can support a wide range of physical media, from copper to long-wave single-mode optical fiber, at lengths of hundreds of kilometers. As a standard for transceivers, it is non-proprietary and defined by the Small Form Factor Committee in document number 8053i. Moreover, its flexibility makes it attractive in networking equipment, as it is opposed to fixed physical interface configurations.

As a variation of the GBIC, also known as mini-GBIC, the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP) is a compact, hot-swappable transceiver. It interfaces a network device motherboard (for a switch, router, media converter or similar device) to a fiber optic or copper networking cable, applicable to Fast Ethernet of Gigabit Ethernet applications. SFP+ can be referred to as an expansion of the SFP standard. It is a 10GbE optics using the same physical form factor as a gigabit SFP.

XFP and SFP/SFP+ transceivers are both 10G optical modules, and share the same features with other 10G transceivers. The main difference lies in their sizes. That is SFP+ is more compact sized than XFP. What’s more, SFP+ complies with IEEE802.3, SFF-8431, SFF-8432, while XFP conforms to XFP MSA.

GBIC transceivers came into existence earlier than SFPs. In addition to the differences in application fields mentioned in above paragraphs, their sizes also differ from each other. The bigger size of GBIC makes it not feasible to provide more number of interfaces on a line card or a switch since it occupies more space. In other words, SFP is half the volume of GBIC and can be configured double number of ports on the same panel. Besides these differences, actually, GBIC and SFP/SFP+ transceivers share almost the same functions.

Fiber optic transceiver modules, designed and built with industry standards, become the core devices in fast Gigabit Ethernet transmission. Fiberstore supplies a wide range of optical transceivers. Besides XFP, GBIC, SFP/SFP+ transceivers, XENPAK transceiver, CWDM/DWDM transceiver, 40G QSFP+ & CFP can all be found in Fiberstore. Certainly, the type Cisco X2-10GB-LRM is also available in Fiberstore. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about fiber optical transceivers.

Related Article:

http://www.fs.com/introduction-to-small-form-factor-pluggable-sfp-transceiver-modules-aid-22.html

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Introduction to HP Compatible 10GBASE SFP+/XFP Optical transceivers

The 10GBASE series optical transceiver modules are designed for 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity applications, enabling users to take advantage of 10-GbE connectivity. They are compatible with HP, applicable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet switch, router and other networking equipment from HP networking. These HP 1OGBASE transceiver modules are available in two most common packages: SFP+, XFP.

HP 10GBase SFP+ transceivers include: JD092B-C, JD093B-C, JD094B-C, J9150A-C, J9151A-C, J9152A-C; HP 10GBase XFP Transceiver include: JD117B-C, JD108B-C, JD088A-C, JD121A-C, JD107A-C. The following passages will mainly talk about the type JD094B compatible 10GBASE-LR SFP+ transceiver and the type JD117B 10GBASE-SR XFP transceiver.

SFP+ optical transceiver for JD094B 10GBASE-LR (Long Reach) operates at a wavelength of 1310nm over single-mode fibers, with a maximum link length at 10 km. It supports 10-Gigabit communications, suitable for telecommunications and enterprises which require 10GBASE long-distance fiber extension. Fiberstore’s JD094B offers high performance and a low cost. It is fully compliant with the SFP+ Multi-Sourcing Agreement (MSA). This kind of transceiver boasts of hot plug capability, designed with digital diagnostic function. The figure below is a Fiberstore’s JD094B compatible 10GBASE-LR SFP+ transceiver module.

This optical transceiver module is for transmission at a wavelength of 850nm over multi-mode fibers. It meets Ethernet standards, which makes it ideal for 10G data communications and storage area network applications. A variety of 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity options are given by this transceiver for data center, enterprise wiring closet, and switch-to-switch applications. Fiberstore’s new JD117B comprises a transmitter with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and a receiver with a PIN photodiode. Transmitter and receiver are separate within a wide temperature range and offer optimum heat dissipation and excellent electromagnetic shielding, thus enabling high port densities for 10 GbE systems. The picture below just shows an outlook of this optical module.

Actually, many manufacturers of fiber optics, including Cisco and Juniper, buy original equipment manufacturers’ optical transceivers and label these products on their own brands. Fiberstore supplies you with these compatible optical modules with high quality at a low price. Buy Fiberstore’s compatible products, you can get the considerate services and technical support. What’s more, these compatible SFP and XFP transceiver modules are backed by a lifetime warranty.

Fiberstore has a large selection of compatible 10GBASE SFP+/XFP modules in stock. Besides JD094B, JD117B, JD108B can also be found in Fiberstore. In addition, transceivers can be customized to meet your specific needs. You can visit www.fs.com for more information about compatible HP 10GBASE SFP+/XFP transceiver modules.

Related Article:

http://www8.hp.com/h20195/V2/getpdf.aspx/c04155377.pdf?ver=3

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Introduction to Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Transceiver Modules

SFP+ transceiver is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver which is used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It is the enhanced version of SFP (small form-factor pluggable) transceiver. Since 10 Gigabit Ethernet has been launched years ago, various 10GBASE SFPs+ transceivers have been produced. This publication will mainly introduce the Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ modules.

The Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ transceiver modules are designed for use in 10 Gigabit Ethernet links over optical fibers, providing a wide variety of 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity options. Listed below are three types of Cisco 10GBASE SFP transceiver modules: Cisco SFP-10G-SR transceiver module, Cisco SFP-10G-LRM transceiver module and Cisco SFP-10G-ER transceiver module.

10GBASE-SR (Short Range) is a port type for multi-mode optical fibers and uses 850nm lasers. It is one of the mostly used types because of its cost-effectiveness. The Cisco 10GBASE-SR transceiver module supports a link length of 26m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)-grade multi-mode fiber (MMF). Using 2000MHz*km MMF (OM3), long link lengths up to 300 m can be achieved. Using 4700MHz*km MMF (OM4), signals can be transmitted over a fiber with link lengths up to 400 m.

10GBASE-LRM (Long Reach Multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a kind of specification for multi-mode fibers and uses 1310nm lasers. The Cisco SFP-10G-LRM transceiver module supports link lengths of 220m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) grade multi-mode fiber (MMF). The image below shows the outlook of the SFP-10G-LRM transceiver module.

10GBASE-ER (Extended Reach) is a port type for single-mode fibers (SMF) and uses 1550nm lasers. The Cisco 10GBASE-ER module supports a link length of up to 40 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652). The following picture helps to have a better understanding of the 10GBASE-ER module.

The 10G SFP transceiver module is popular among its users due to its several features and benefits. Besides the above-mentioned long-distance transmission, this hot-swappable Cisco 10G SFP+ transceiver allows the flexibility of integrating the devices in the interfaces. In addition, this kind of SFP is compatible, and the replacement or repair process of optics is convenient. What’s more, the monitoring and diagnostics of optical fibers are easy because this transceiver module supports the digital optical monitoring. More information about Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ modules, please go to the following link:http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/data_sheet_c78-455693.html

The Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ transceiver modules offer various computer connectivity options for data center, enterprise wiring closet, and service provider transport applications. In Fiberstore, you can find the above-mentioned 10GBASE SFPs. Bseides, Fiberstore SFP-10G-SR-X transceiver module is also available. If you have any further demand or question about 10GBASE SFPs, please visit Fiberstore with no hesitation.

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1000BASE-T – Applied in Copper Cabling

Nowadays, more and more high-performance Ethernet technologies and products have been developed to provide gigabit-per-second transmission rates, including the 1000BASE-T standard and 1000BASE-T products deployed in copper cabling.

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1000BASE SFPs Needed for Gigabit Ethernet Transmission

The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It comes in optical and copper versions, which can be intermixed in combination of IEEE 802.3z standard compliant with such 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-LX/LH interfaces on a port-by-port basis. These 1000BASE SFPs play a really important role in Gigabit Ethernet applications.

Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. There are five physical layer standards for Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber (1000BASE-X), twisted pair cable (1000BASE-T), or shielded balanced copper cable (1000BASE-CX). The following passages will mainly describe three types of 1000BASE optical SFPs used in Gigabit Ethernet transmission: 1000BASE-SX SFP, 1000BASE-LX SFP and 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP.

1000BASE-SX SFP transceiver is compatible with the IEEE 802.3z 1000BASE-SX standard for operating over multi-mode fiber by using a 770 to 860 nanometer, near infrared (NIR) light wavelength. It only supports multi-mode fibers with link lengths ranging from 220 meters to 550 meters dependent on fiber diameter and bandwidth. A specific application in Gigabit Ethernet transmission is SFP-1G85-5M GLC-SX-MM 1000BASE-SX 850nm 550m SFP transceiver. It features with high performance and offers the same function with Cisco GLC-SX-MM and it is fully compatible with Cisco SFP devices. A figure about this product is below.

1000BASE-LX is a fiber optic Gigabit Ethernet standard specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 38 by using a long wavelength laser (1,270–1,355 nm). Operation on both single-mode and multi-mode fibers is possible. It is specified to work over a distance of up to 5 kilometers over single-mode fibers and 550 meters over multi-mode fibers. Certainly, this 1000BASE-LX SFP can also provide high performance with an appropriate price.

The 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP, compatible with the IEEE 802.3z 1000BASE-LX standard, operates on standard single-mode fiber-optic and multi-mode fibers, with the link lengths up to 10 km on the former and 55o m on the latter. While talking about 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP transceiver, this NEW Cisco GLC-LH-SMD Compatible 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP 1310nm 10km EXT DDM Transceiver Module is more welcomed by consumers for Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel Switch Infrastructure. Using this product, consumers can enjoy the same functions supplied by Cisco GLC-LH-SMD. The following picture is a 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP transceiver module.

Generally speaking, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, and 1000BASE-LX/LH SFPs are all suitable optical modules for Gigabit Ethernet transmission. Their specific applications are decided by fiber types and transmission distance. In Fiberstore, a series of above-mentioned 1000BASE optical SFPs can be found, including Cisco GLC-SX-MMD modules. Of course, other 1000BASE SFPs are also supplied in Fiberstore, like 1000BASE-T SFPs. You can visit Fiberstore to know more about 1000BASE SFP transceivers.

Related Articles:

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How to Classify Fiber Optic Patch Cables?

Owing to explosive growth and deployment of fiber optic technology in recent years, fiber optic patch cables have replaced copper wires in many applications for reliable high-speed data transmission with great bandwidth. A fiber optic patch cable, often called fiber optic patch cord or fiber jumper cable, is a fiber optic cable made of glass and capped at either end with connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently connected to CATV, an optical switch or other telecommunication equipment.

Fiber optic patch cables are often utilized in communication rooms, FTTH (Fiber to The Home), LAN (Local Area Network), data processing networks, premise installations, etc. They can be classified into different types according to cable transmission mode, connector construction, cable structure as well as cables size.

Based on this standard, fiber optic patch cables can be divided into single-mode fiber (SMF) patch cables and multi-mode fiber (MMF) patch cables. The former is generally in yellow typically with a core of 8 to 10 microns, suitable for transmitting data over long distances. In addition, they are often used for network connections and scientific researches in large areas. As for the latter, their jacket colors are usually in orange with a core of 50–100 micrometers, ideal for transmitting data and voice signals over short distances in such applications as alarm systems. The following images are SMF patch cable (left) and MMF patch cable (right).

As far as this standard is concerned, FC, SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, FDDI, E2000, DIN4, and D4 types are all available, among which ST and LC connectors are often used in cable configurations, such as ST-LC fiber jumper. ST stands for "straight tip”. This kind of connector was developed by AT&T, widely used in LAN (Local Area Network). LC is a popular small form factor (SFF) connector developed by Lucent. All these connectors feature with low insertion loss, high return loss, interchange, easy installation, as well as excellent environmental adaptability.

As for cable structure, fiber optic patch cables mainly fall on two kinds, simplex and duplex patch cables. A simplex patch cable has one optical fiber with one connector on each end, while a duplex patch cable has two optical fibers with two connectors on each end. The images below are simplex patch cable (left) and duplex patch cable (right).

Ordinary cables measure 125 µm in diameter (a strand of human hair is about 100 µm). The inner diameter measures 9 µm for single-mode cables, and 50 / 62.5 µm for multi-mode cables.

Fiber optic patch cables play a really important part in telecommunications for making transmission faster and more accurate. All those above-mentioned fiber types can be found in Fiberstore. Besides, armored patch cables and other special patch cables are also available in Fiberstore. For more information about fiber optic patch cables, please visit Fiberstore.

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10BASE SFP Transceiver Modules for Gigabit Ethernet Transmission

The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a compact, compatible and hot-swappable transceiver module, which is widely utilized in telecommunications and data communications. There are a lot of SFP transceivers available for short or long distance transmission. They are designed to transmit data at different Ethernet transmission rate, such as 10G, 40G and 100G. This article mainly describes 10BASE SFPs for Gigabit Ethernet transmission..

10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second (10×109 or 10 billion bits per second). It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Over the years, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published several standards relating to 10GbE. These included: 802.3ae-2002 (fiber -SR, -LR, -ER and -LX4 PMDs), 802.3ak-2004 (-CX4 copper twin-ax InfiniBand type cable), 802.3an-2006 (10GBASE-T copper twisted pair), 802.3ap-2007 (copper backplane -KR and -KX4 PMDs) and 802.3aq-2006 (fiber -LRM PMD with enhanced equalization). The 802.3ae-2002 and 802.3ak-2004 amendments were consolidated into the IEEE 802.3-2005 standard. IEEE 802.3-2005 and the other amendments were consolidated into IEEE Std 802.3-2008. There are many specifications under those above-mentioned standards related to 10GbE displayed by the following table.

Interconnect	Defined	Medium	Media type	Wavelength	Max range
10GBASE-USR	Appeared in 2011	Fiber	Serial multi-mode	850 nm	100 or 150 m
10GBASE-SR	2002	Fiber	Serial multi-mode	850 nm	OM3: 300 m
10GBASE-LR	2002	Fiber	Serial single-mode	1310 nm	10 km
10GBASE-ER	2002	Fiber	Serial single-mode	1550 nm	40 km
10GBASE-ZR	-	Fiber	Serial single-mode	1550 nm	80 km
10GBASE-LX4	2002	Fiber	WDM multi-mode or single-mode	1310 nm	300 m (multi-mode)10 km (single-mode)
10GBASE-LRM	2006	Fiber	Serial multi-mode	1310 nm	220 m

The following passages aim at introducing three specifications of 10G SFPs: 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-LRM.

10GBASE-SR (short range) is a port type for multi-mode fibers and uses 850nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s. The Cisco SFP-10G-SR supports a link length of 26 m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)-grade multi-mode fiber (MMF). Using 2000MHz*km MMF (OM3), up to 300m link lengths is possible. Using 4700MHz*km MMF (OM4), up to 400m link lengths is possible. The following picture is a 10G-SFP-SR.

10GBASE-LR (long reach) is a port type for single-mode fibers and uses 1310nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s. The Cisco 10GBASE-LR module supports a link length of 10 kilometers on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652).

10GBASE-LRM (long reach multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multi-mode fibers and uses 1310nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s.

In a word, 10BASE-SR, 10BASE-LR, 10BASE-LRM are all suitable optical modules for Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber types and transmission distance decide which kind or kinds of 10G SFPs are used. Fiberstore offers various compatible SFPs for transmission. 10G-SFP-SR, 10G-SFP-LR, 10G-SFP-LRM, 10G-SFP-ER, 10G-SFP-ZR are all available in Fiberstore, whose SFP-10G-SR list price is competitive. It is really cost-effective to buy SFP-10G-SR in Fiberstore. For more information about 10G SFPs, please visit Fiberstore.

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