Today’s Data Center includes a large number f bandwidth-intensive devices, like network servers, data storage systems, virtualization appliances, and backup devices. These devices require reliable cabling infrastructure to meet the increasing demands for higher-performance, -speed and -density. There are mainly two media available when planing careful structured cabling: fiber optics and copper. Followed is an overview of these two data transmission media.

Fiber optic cables, also called fiber patch cables, fiber optic patch cords, or fiber jumper cables, are made of pure glass. These layers contain cladding, stranded fibers and a jacket. Fiber optic cables terminate with optical connectors on one or two cable ends, deployed to link optical equipment and components to achieve data transfer and Internet connectivity between devices. This medium allows movement of data transfer at high speed and with great distances. Besides, their delicacy and ability in transmitting data earn trust and reliability from users.

Fiber optic cables are commonly referred to single-mode fibers (SMFs) and multi-mode fibers (MMFs). SMFs, usually in yellow, have one core and one pathway of light, which leads to more focused light at the center of a core. Thus, they are more suitable for transmitting data over longer distances than MMFs. As for MMFs, usually in orange, they have a larger core diameter and multiple pathways of light, so they can gather more light and signals than single-mode ones over shorter distances. Both SMFs and MMFs are widely used for 10G, 40G and 100G transmission, when combined with transceivers. Take 40G transmission for example, QSFP-40G-LR4 transceiver is designed for SMFs. Fiberstore compatible Cisco QSFP-40G-LR4 module supports link lengths of 10km on SMF for 40G optical links.

Copper cable, in most times, refers to twisted-pair copper cable. This medium consists of several copper wires surrounded by insulators and is designed to transmit electronic signals. The two insulated wires are twisted together to form a pair, and then the pair forms a balanced circuit.

Twisted-pair copper cable comes in two versions: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). UTP cables are easier to complement, more wildly used and cheaper than their counterparts, STP cables. UTP cables are commonly used in Ethernet networks, while STP cables are in Token Ring networks. The image below show UTP cable (left) and STP cable (right).

Cables are all defined with characteristics, and fiber patch cables and twisted-pair copper cables are no exception. Attenuation and alien crosstalk are the two most important aspects for cables.

Attenuation means the loss or reduction in signal strength during transmission. In addition to distance, attenuation can also be added by the higher temperatures, metal conduits, as well as the low quality of cables. As for fiber patch cables, attenuation decreases with frequency and the lowset attenuation is happens at 1550mn, while the attenuation in copper cables increases with frequency, thus the higher the speed, the greater the signal loss.

Unwanted signal coupling from one component to another is called alien crosstalk (AXT). Fiber patch cables are free from this characteristic, AXT. In contrast, twisted-pair copper cables are sensitive to signals from other surrounding components.

Both fiber optic cables and copper cables play an important role in transmitting data at high speed. Fiberstore supplies various kinds of high-quality fiber optic cables and copper cables for your fast networks, including SMFs and MMFs mentioned above. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about fiber optic cables and copper cables.

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Nokia reports the Autorit des Marchs Financiers (AMF), the French stock market authority, has published interim results of the initial offer period of Nokia's public exchange offer for Alcatel-Lucent securities in France and in the United States. The results indicate Nokia now holds almost 80% of Alcatel-Lucent's shares, after announcing its intention to acquire the France-based systems house last April (see "Nokia pulls trigger on Alcatel-Lucent buy").

If the AMF confirms these interim results as expected January 5 and assuming the full exercise of convertible bonds and settlement of the offer January 7, Nokia will hold 79.32% of the share capital and at least 78.97% of the voting rights of Alcatel-Lucent. This result would enable Nokia to begin integration of Alcatel-Lucent, with the first day of joint operation targeted for January 14, 2016.

Meanwhile, in accordance with French law, Nokia will reopen the tender process in France and the U.S. in hopes of buying the rest of the outstanding shares. The reopened tender will begin within 10 French trading days of the final AMF report. If it attains 95% share ownership, Nokia says it intends to squeeze out the remaining shareholders.

"We are delighted that the offer has been successful, and that Alcatel-Lucent's investors share our confidence in the future of the combined company," said Rajeev Suri, Nokia's president and CEO. "We will move quickly to combine the two companies and execute our integration plans. As of January 14, 2016, Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent will offer a combined end-to-end portfolio of the scope and scale to meet the needs of our global customers. We will have unparalleled R&D and innovation capabilities, which we will use to lead the world in creating next-generation technology and services."

Nokia reiterated its intention, subject to Nokia shareholder approval, to execute a EUR 7 billion program to optimize its capital structure and return excess capital to Nokia shareholders once the transaction closes. The move is planned to include approximately EUR 4 billion in distributions to Nokia shareholders; remaining holders of Alcatel-Lucent securities will not receive distributions.

Originally published at www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2016/01/nokia-nears-closing-of-alcatel-lucent-acquisition-holds-nearly-80-of-alcatel-lucent-shares.html

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Over the past few years, there appeared a boom in the adoption of 10/100M Ethernet or Fast Ethernet due to the low cost and compatibility with existing local area networks (LANs). Driven by growing high-quality networking applications and increasing bandwidth-hunger delivery demands, this Ethernet LAN evolved even rapidly and then Gigabit Ethernet (1000M Ethernet) appeared. Actually, Gigabit Ethernet has proved itself as a suitable choice to increase bandwidth requirements for growing networks in high speed data communication.

Just as what has been expressed in the paragraph above, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is the evolutionary fruit of Ethernet standard. In computer networking, GbE is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use in 1999, gradually supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local networks, since in such areas GbE performed considerably faster.

Gigabit Ethernet standards define a Gigabit Media Independent Interface (called the GMII) to the Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) layer, management, repeater operations, topology rules, and four physical layer signaling systems: 1000BASE-SX (short wavelength fiber), 1000BASE-LX (long wavelength fiber), 1000BASE-CX (short run copper) and 1000BASE-T (100-meter, four-pair Category 5 UTP). Namely, Gigabit Ethernet can run over three media: fiber optic patch cable (single-mode fiber or SMF, multi-mode fiber or MMF), shielded balanced copper cable and Category 5 UTP. The figure below shows the relationship of the various members of the Gigabit Ethernet technology family.

1000BASE-LX is specified to work over a distance of up to 5km over 10µm SMF. It can also run over all common types of MMF with a maximum segment length of 550m.

1000BASE-SX uses shortwave laser for operation over MMF. The maximum length of segment supported by 1000Base-SX is 550 meters. Like GLC-SX-MM-RGD module, Fiberstore compatible Cisco GLC-SX-MM-RGD is designed for 550m transmission with a data-rate of 1.25Gbps/1.063Gbps.

1000Base-CX is an initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet connections with maximum distance of 25 meters using balanced shielded twisted pair. In practice, 1000BASE-T has succeeded it for general copper wiring use.

1000 Base-T transmits signal over four pairs of CAT5 untwisted pair cables (UTP). Each 1000BASE-T network segment can be a maximum length of 100 meters. It can provide speed of 1000 Mb/s-10 times the speed of Fast Ethernet- over CAT5 UTP.

As a professional fiber optical product manufacturer and supplier, Fiberstore supplies a broad selection of these cables for Gigabit Ethernet solution, such as SMF, MMF, and copper. These cables are all quality assured and cost-effective. Besides, active and passive copper cables are also available in Fiberstore. Like the Cisco QSFP-H40G-ACU10M product, this QSFP-H40G-ACU10M listed on Fiberstore runs over active copper cable for 40G links.

With the help of these cables, you can enjoy the flexibility of cabling assemblies, as well as the network bandwidth without limit to the data transfer speed. Fiberstore cables give you fast network speed while helping you save your money. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about Gigabit Ethernet cabling solutions.

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Today, bandwidth-intensive applications such as video rendering and high performance computing networks continue to drive the need for higher speed Input/Output (I/O) solutions. Organizations, such as IEEE 802.3 Working Group, and the SFF Committee, all have made contributions to developing pluggable I/O interfaces as the high speed I/O interconnects, such as SFP+ and QSFP+. This article gives detailed expression of these two pluggable modules: SFP+ and QSFP+.

The enhanced small form-factor pluggable (SFP+) is an enhanced version of the SFP. SFP+ extends the use of the SFP interconnect up to 10 Gb/s. Nowadays, SFP+ links are supplanting SFP links for both Ethernet and Fibre Channel. While the SFP+ system fits the same board space as SFP, SFP+ provides a 10x bandwidth improvement over SFP for Ethernet (10 Gb/s vs. 1 Gb/s) and 2x improvement for Fibre Channel (8.5 Gb/s vs. 4.25 Gb/s). The SFP+ system also offers capability to freely designate or configure any available system port with either copper- or fiber-based cabling as dictated by the specific installation environment.

The SFP+ port can accept either a passive copper cable solution for cable lengths of 5 to 7 meters, or an active copper cable solution for cable lengths up to 15 meters. Besides, SFP+ port can also operate over both single-mode fiber (SMF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF). The former is used in applications that need bandwidth to transfer data over long distances, while the latter allows each signal to travel through more than one pathway at one time for relatively shorter distances. Like Cisco SFP-10G-LR transceiver, Fiberstore compatible Cisco SFP-10G-LR supports link lengths of 10km over SMF at a wavelength of 1310nm.

The Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for data communications applications. QSFP+ port was developed to support even higher data rate up to 40Gb/s. The QSFP+ system uses a 4 x 10Gb/s link configuration for a 40Gb/s port. QSFP+ transceivers are designed to carry Serial Attached SCSI, 40G Ethernet, QDR (40G) and FDR (56G) Infiniband, and other communications standards. Compared with SFP+ module, QSFP modules increase the port-density by 3x-4x.

Similarly to SFP+ cable solutions, QSFP+ port also supports SMF, MMF, and copper cabling (both passive and active copper versions). But to make a mention, another cabling option that is available for QSFP+ connection is the active optical cable (AOC) assembly. In an AOC, the optical fiber is terminated directly to an optical transceiver that is sealed within the metal backshell on each end of the cable assembly. Take Cisco QSFP-H40G-AOC1M for example, this QSFP-H40G-AOC1M module runs over active optical cable for 40G links.

The use of these two pluggable I/O ports configurations gives system designers options to achieve even higher linear bandwidth density. Fiberstore offers a wide range of SFP+ and QSFP+ modules, including transceivers (eg. Cisco SFP-10G-LR) and cabling assemblies (QSFP-H40G-AOC1M mentioned above). You can visit Fiberstore for more information about SFP+ and QSFP+ modules.

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Optical transport systems vendor Coriant has entered the data center interconnect space with the Coriant Groove G30 DCI Platform. The 1RU system offers an aggregate capacity of 3.2 Tbps, split equally between the line side and the client side. It features industry-low power consumption, Coriant sources insist, as well as flexible-rate operation that will support line-side channel rates as high as 200 Gbps.

Coriant has targeted the Groove G30 at data center interconnect applications across the reach spectrum, from long haul to metro. Pluggable optical transceivers enable the system to be configured to support client-side line rates from 10 Gbps to 100 Gbps. The ability to select just the interface speed needed, as well as the fact that not all of the interface ports need to be populated immediately, enables low initial first cost and pay-as-you-grow capabilities, say Bill Kautz, director of product solutions, and Zeljko Bulut, product line manager, DCI solutions, at Coriant.

The Groove G30's power consumption of 0.4 5W per gigabit of duplex traffic is as much as a 70% improvement over competing offerings, Coriant asserts. Bulut says that, in addition to proprietary design aspects, the platform takes advantage of the latest generation of commercial coherent DSP technology to achieve such low power draw. The new DSPs have an integrated Optical Transport Networks (OTN) framing capability, which obviates the need for a separate, power-hungry chip to perform this function, Bulut explains.

Coriant has incorporated its CloudWave Optics capabilities to enable the platform to use a variety of modulation formats to support a variety of line-side data rates, including 100, 150, and 200 Gbps per carrier. The Groove G30 leverages eight CFP2 Analog Coherent Optics (ACO) transceiver ports to meet line-side requirements.

The stackable platform also features support for open North Bound Interfaces (NBIs) and APIs. Coriant designed the system to support implementation over third-party open line systems as well as in conjunction with its own optical transport portfolio.

Kautz and Bulut say the system is targeted at the full range of potential data center interconnect infrastructure operators, from service providers to Web 2.0 companies to enterprises. Customer trials are about to begin; Coriant expects to make the Groove G30 generally available in the second quarter of 2016.

Originally published at www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2015/12/coriant-groove-g30-1ru-data-center-interconnect-platform-offers-3-2-tbps.html

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Fibre Channel is a flexible, scalable, high-speed data transfer interface that can operate over a variety of both copper wire and optical fiber at high data rate. And optical connections will be the focus of this article.

Before we discuss the Finisar Fibre Channel transceivers, let's first make an understanding of Fibre Channel.

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The push behind users' requests for high-quality video content, whether for alive Internet video or video downloads from servers, is the principal driver of extremely high growth of Internet traffic. Besides, more and more complex technical computing applications are demanding even greater bandwidth. In such cases, these SFP+, QSFP+ and CXP high density host ports are used to increase the bandwidth, enabling the high speed networking connections. This article gives an overview of these three ports, including their cabling solutions and bandwidth density.

Leading companies and industry organizations related to telecommunications have made their great efforts to develop specifications to assure commonality, compatibility and networking functionality of hardware connections, signaling and software communications. These specifications for high speed networking solutions include SFP+, QSFP+ and CXP links.

In today’s data center, SFP+ links are supplanting SFP links for both Ethernet and Fibre Channel. Using the same board space as SFP, SFP+ provides a 10x bandwidth improvement over SFP for Ethernet (10Gb/s vs. 1Gb/s) and 2x improvement for Fibre Channel (8.5Gb/s vs. 4.25Gb/s). The SFP+ system also offers capability to freely designate or configure any available system port with either copper- or fiber-based cabling as dictated by the specific installation environment.

The other two high speed parallel link specifications which allow for even higher bandwidth are QSFP+ and CXP systems. The QSFP+ system uses a 4 x 10 Gb/s link configuration for a 40Gb/s port. Similarly, the CXP system provides 12 lanes that can be deployed to support 100 to 120Gb/s aggregated port bandwidth. QSFP+ and CXP are specified for 4x and 12x Infiniband Quad Data Rate (QDR) interconnect links. CXP ports can also be used for 40G links.

The comparison among these three ports starts form their cabling solutions, then bandwidth density.

The SFP+, QSFP+ or CXP host ports can accept either a passive copper-based cable solution for generally cable lengths of 5 to 7 meters, an active copper-based cable solution for typical cable lengths up to 15meters (or longer depending on the acceptance criteria), or a plug-in optical transceiver module with an optical connector on the rear of the module to accept passive fiber optic cable assemblies to enable even longer cable lengths. These cabling approaches enable flexibility to configure the cables needed to cater to different working environments. Take QSFP+ copper cabling solutions for example, Intel XLDACBL5 is the QSFP+ to QSFP+ passive copper cable assembly designed for 40-gigabit links with the distance up to 5m. Fiberstore compatible Intel XLDACBL5 is shown below.

With the widespread use of QSFP+ for Ethernet transmission in high performance computing systems, there emerged a fourth cabling solution: active optical cable (AOC) assembly. In an AOC, the optical fiber is terminated directly to an optical transceiver that is sealed within the metal backshell on each end of the cable assembly. The integrated electro-optical assembly lowers cost in component reduction and presents an electrical interface to the outside world. Like 721070-B21 module, Fiberstore compatible HP 721070-B21 is the QSFP+ to 4SFP+ breakout AOC assembly used for 40G links.

The SFP+, QSFP+ or CXP host ports can increase I/O port bandwidth density along the edge of a switch line card. A single SFP+ port operating at 10Gb/s provides about 16 Gb/s bandwidth per inch, QSFP+ offers 3x improvement to 48Gb/s per inch, and CXP offers a further 2.3x improvement to 113 Gb/s per inch. The port configurations give system designers options to achieve even higher linear bandwidth density withsome port types.

These high density SFP+, QSFP+ and CXP ports can provide increased communications bandwidth for data center networking. Fiberstore offers various SFP+, QSFP+ and CXP ports, and their cabling solutions. These cabling modules are fully compatible with major brands, like Intel (XLDACBL5), HP (721070-B21), Dell and Force 10 (CBL-QSFP-40GE-PASS-1M). You can visit Fiberstore to know more about SFP+, QSFP+ and CXP ports.

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Ciena (NYSE: CIEN) has offered what company sources describe as a "commercially hardened" version of ON.Lab's Open Networking Operating System (ONOS) for software-defined networking (SDN) applications. The release of Blue Planet ONOS, expected in the first quarter of next year about 30 days after ON.Lab releases the upcoming Falcon upgrade of the operating system, will retain the open source characteristics of ONOS, but be easier for operators to work with, the sources say.

ONOS has received significant attention among service providers and the systems houses that hope to supply them with technology for its open source foundation and carrier-grade capabilities (see, for example, "ON.Lab, backed by AT&T and NTT, offers open source SDN operating system" and "Internet2 deploys ONOS SDN operating system"). The platform aims to enable service creation and large-scale deployment across systems from a variety of vendors. The OS enables a scalable SDN control plane that includes northbound and southbound open APIs to support management, control, and service applications.

However, each version of ONOS (which are all named after birds, including the most recent Emu iteration) might contain bugs or might have to be customized or otherwise tweaked to meet an operator's requirements. With the Blue Planet ONOS subscription service, Ciena will perform these functions for the operator, say Joe Cumello, vice president of marketing for Ciena's Blue Planet Division, and Recep Ozdag, senior director, solutions marketing for the Blue Planet Division. Ciena will honor the collaborative, open source philosophy of ONOS by releasing any bug fixes it makes to the ONOS community, the sources say.

Operators also will automatically receive any benefits from future upgrades to ONOS as well, the sources add.

The first iteration of Blue Planet ONOS will be tailored for use in Central Office Re-Architected as a Data Center (CORD) projects (see, for example, "AT&T, ON.Lab to lead CORD proof-of-concept demonstration"). Other applications likely will be targeted in the future.

From a Ciena perspective, Blue Planet ONOS expands the Blue Planet portfolio to include data center requirements. However, this extension likely will only benefit Ciena among service provider customers; Web 2.0 and other large enterprise and private data center operators likely will use alternatives to ONOS, including in-house options, according to Cumello.

Since the agreement with ON.Lab that has led to Blue Planet ONOS isn't exclusive, it's likely other systems vendors will follow the same path as Ciena. The company will point to its experience with SDN support as well as the ease of integration with other elements of the Blue Planet SDN platform offering as differentiators, Cumello says.

Originally published at www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2015/12/ciena-offers-commercial-version-of-onlabs-onos-sdn-software.html

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With the ever increasing need for even greater bandwidth in data centers, multi-mode fiber cables (MMFs) have proven to be a practical optical solution to support such fast-changing and fast-growing bandwidth demand. MTP/MPO fiber cabling, ideal for quick and reliable MMF connectivity, provide an effective way for 40GbE network solutions, ensuring a high-performance and high-speed network. This blog includes basic information about MPO/MTP fiber cabling solutions.

The term MTP is a registered trademark of US Conec used to describe their connector. The US Conec MTP product is fully compliant with the MPO standards. As such, the MTP connector is a MPO connector.

MTP/MPO fiber cables, as an important part of the MPO/MTP cabling system, are designed to go on reliable and quick operations for the multi-fiber connection system in data centers. Each MTP fiber cable contains 12 fibers or 6 duplex channels in a connector, thus requiring less space. Besides, MTP/MPO fibers are manufactured with outstanding optical and mechanical properties, which makes them able to offer more improved scalability. What’s more, it is easy to have cable management and maintenance on them. Generally speaking, MTP/MPO fiber cables can save a lot of money and space to some extent.

When it come to types, MTP/MPO fiber cables fall on MTP/MPO trunk cables and MTP/MPO harness cables.

MTP/MPO trunk cables, available in 12-144 counts, are intended for high-density application. By using MTP/MPO trunk cables, the installation of a complete fiber optic backbone is accessible without any field termination.

MTP/MPO harness cables, also called MTP/MPO breakout cables or MTP/MPO fanout cables, available in 8-144 counts, are used for breaking out the MTP into several connections. They provide connection to equipment or panels that are terminated with other standard connectors. As terminated with MTP/MPO connectors on one end and standard LC/FC/SC/ST/MTRJ connectors (generally MTP to LC) on the other end, these cable assemblies can meet a variety of fiber cabling requirements.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3ba 40 Ethernet Standard was ratified in June 2010. The IEEE 802.3ba standard specifies MPO connectors for standard-length MMF connectivity. MMF employs parallel optics using MPO interconnects for 40GbE transmission. More specifically, 40G is implemented using eight of the twelve fibers in a MPO connector. Four of these eight fibers are used to transmit while the other four are used to receive. Each Tx/Rx pair is operating at 10G.

Fiberstore MPO-based fiber cabling solutions provide a fast , simple and economical way for 40G applications. Certainly, Fiberstore 40G fiber cabling solutions are not limited to MPO/MTP fiber cables. Copper cables are also recommended. Take CAB-Q-Q-1M for example, Arista CAB-Q-Q-1M is the QSFP+ to QSFP+ passive copper cable assembly for 40G links. Or one of other Fiberstore 40G fiber cabling products: JG329A, Fiberstore compatible HP JG329A runs over passive breakout copper cable for 40-gigabit links.

The MTP jumpers serve to create the connection between the device ports and the structured cabling via the connector panel.

High-density MTP/MPO fiber cabling plays a significant part in cabling structure, suitable for telecommunications. Fiberstore provides both single-mode and multi-mode MPO and MTP fiber cables, as well as other MTP/MPO cable assemblies, including trunk cables, harness cables and jumpers. Customized products are also available upon your request. For more information about MPO/MTP fiber cables as well as 40G fiber cabling products (like Arista CAB-Q-Q-1M and HP JG329A mentioned above), please visit Fiberstore.

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With the continued requirement for expansion and scalability in the data center, deployment of an optical connectivity solution must allow the infrastructure to meet these requirements for current and future data rates. 40 Gigabit cabling solutions just permit the physical expansion of the data center with respect to additional servers, switches or storage devices, as well as the scalability of the infrastructure to support a migration path for increasing data rates. This discussion now shifts towards higher speed interconnects compared with 10G solutions—namely 40 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE).

Just as 10GbE is going through widespread deployment in the data center, 40GbE is also becoming inescapably compelling in terms of business case in telecommunication market. Actually, one of my last articles has introduced some information about 40GbE technology and its physical standards. So, today’s introduction starts from another different aspects, such as its background, the applications, etc.

In 2006, the IEEE 802.3 working group formed the Higher Speed Study Group (HSSG) and found that the Ethernet ecosystem needed something faster than 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The growth in bandwidth for network aggregation applications was found to be outpacing the capabilities of networks employing link aggregation with 10 Gigabit Ethernet. As the HSSG studied the issue, it was determined that computing and network aggregation applications were growing at different rates. For the first time in the history of Ethernet, a Higher Speed Study Group determined that one new rate was needed: 40 gigabit per second for server and computing applications.

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In today’s Data Center, to satisfy the increasing demands of greater bandwidth and the growing amount of data transmission, various kinds of high-performance and reliable cables have been designed, like 40G QSFP+ cables. 40G QSFP+ cables combine effective use of space, power and port density for high-density applications with data rates up to 40Gb/s supporting Fibre Channel, Ethernet, SDH/SONET and Infiniband standards. QSFP+ cables offer high-density, low-cost, and low-power 40 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) solution commercially available today.

A quad small form-factor pluggable plus (QSFP+) cable, a high speed pluggable I/O interface product, is a cable capped at either end with the QSFP+ transceiver. QSFP+ cable assembly offers 4 channels, providing 3 or even 4 times the density of SFP/SFP+ ports. QSFP+ cables can provide inexpensive and reliable 40G speed connections between QSFP+ ports of QSFP+ switches within racks and across adjacent racks. There are three main types of QSFP+ cables available in telecommunication market: 40G QSFP+ copper cables, 40G QSFP+ AOC cables, QSFP+ to 4 SFP+ Breakout Cables. This article touches on these three types in details.

Commonly seen 40G QSFP+ copper cables are 40G QSFP+ active copper cables and 40G QSFP+ passive copper cables. Both are very ideal for short reach applications. Their typical applications are switches, routers, host bus adapters (HBA’s), enterprise storage, as well as multiple channel interconnects. Actually, QSFP+ passive copper cables have been widely used for 40G network connectivity. Take XLDACBL3 for example, Fiberstore compatible Intel XLDACBL3 serves as a very cost-effective way to establish a 40-gigabit link between QSFP ports of Intel switches within racks and across adjacent racks, supporting a length of 3m.

QSFP+ active optical cable (AOC) is a high performance, low power consumption integrated cable for short-range multi-lane data communication and interconnect applications, supporting 40G Ethernet, fiber channel and PCIE. It is compliant with the QSFP MSA and IEEE P802.3ba 40GBASE-SR4. It integrates four data lanes in each direction with 40Gb/s aggregated bandwidth. Each lane is capable of transmitting data at rates up to 10Gb/s with the lengths ranging from 1m to 100m. Like FCBG110SD1C01, Fiberstore compatible Finisar FCBG110SD1C01 reaches 1 m in 40G links.

QSFP+ to 4 SFP+ breakout cables function as a great cost-effective interconnect solution to IT professionals by providing much needed space for data centers and low costs. These cables allow the connection of your QSFP+ and SFP+ Switches and Network cards free from upgrading the entire data center or storage array. They can be used for QDR infiniBand, 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 10Gigabit applications. Each QSFP-SFP+ splitter cable features a single QSFP connector (SFF-8436) rated for 40-Gb/s on one end and (4) SFP+ connectors (SFF-8431), each rated for 10-Gb/s, on the other.

With the help of these QSFP+ cables, you can enjoy the flexibility of cable assemblies and VARIOUS ports for your high-performance 40GbE. As a professional fiber optic products supplier and manufacturer, Fiberstore can supply lots of cost-effective fiber optic products of high quality, which are 100% compatible with major brands, certainly including 40G QSFP+ cables (eg. Intel XLDACBL3, Finisar FCBG110SD1C01). In a word, you can find your desired 40G QSFP+ cables in Fiberstore.

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Fiber Optic Center, Inc. (FOC), which distributes fiber-optic components, equipment, and supplies, has announced that current Executive Vice President Ben Waite will become president and CEO as of January 1, 2016. Waite will replace founder and current president and CEO Neal Weiss, who will continue in a part-time advisory role.

Waite joined FOC in 1995 and has led the Sales Department of the privately held company in achieving steady growth year to year, according to an FOC press release. Waite has been groomed for this role over the past four years, the company states.

"Having Ben to help me grow and lead the company for over 20 years has been a privilege and a blessing," said Weiss. "In that time, suppliers and customers have commented positively on his performance; 鈥榊ou got the right guy,' is a typical quote from them."

Weiss founded FOC in January 1992 as a spinoff of the fiber business of Boston Electronics Corp. (BEC), an importer and exporter of laser components that he joined in 1981. FOC grew to specialize in the supply of a wide range of fiber-optic technologies, from connectors and consumables to draw towers and MCVD gas systems (see, for example, "Fiber Optic Center offers AngstromLap ULTIMAS Final Polish Lapping Film" and "Fiber Optic Center unveils low-stress, low-outgassing epoxy"). The company recently strengthened its consulting capabilities through a partnership with Northern Lights Cable founder Wayne M. Kachmar (see "Fiber Optic Center partners with Northern Lights Cable founder for consulting services").

In addition to his duties at FOC, Weiss has been active in music production through the founding of Whaling City Sound.

Originally from www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2015/12/ben-waite-to-become-president-ceo-of-fiber-optic-center.html

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Nowadays, you can see information about fiber optic transceivers everywhere, especially when you are at social media platforms. Take 40G transceiver modules for example, QSFP/QSFP+ transceiver and CFP transceiver are widely used in data center communications to provide high speed and high performance in data transmission. And this publication puts its emphasis on these two types.

The Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for data communications applications in 40 Gigabit per second links. QSFP connectors provide four channels of data in one pluggable interface. Each channel is capable of transferring data at 10Gb/s and supports a total of 40Gb/s as specified for QSFP+. The QSFP specification accommodates Ethernet, Fibre Channel, InfiniBand and SONET/SDH standards with different data rate options. QSFP+ transceivers are designed to carry Serial Attached SCSI, 40G Ethernet, QDR (40G) and FDR (56G) Infiniband, and other communications standards. QSFP modules offer customers a wide variety of high-density 40 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity options for data center, high-performance computing networks, enterprise core and distribution layers, and service provider transport applications.

QSFP/QSFP+ optical transceivers support both single-mode and multi-mode fibers. They are intended to work with a distance up to 40 km or more over single-mode fibers and 400 m over multi-mode fibers. They are compliant with different optical connectors, such as duplex LC and MPO/MTP. IEEE uses such letters like LR (long reach) and SR (short reach) to describe optical transceivers. One of the most commonly-used types of QSFP/QSFP+ optical transceivers is QSFP-40G-SR4. Like FTL410QE2C, Fiberstore compatible Finisar FTL410QE2C is designed for use in 40 Gigabit per second links over multi-mode fiber.

Other Fiberstore compatible QSFP-40G-SR4 transceivers with major brands include E40GQSFPSR, F5-UPG-QSFP+, etc.

The C form-factor pluggable (CFP) is a hot-pluggable transceiver module form factor that supports a wide range of 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s applications such as 40G and 100G Ethernet. More often, CFP transceiver is used to support 100Gb/s applications. It is specified by a multi-source agreement (MSA) between competing manufacturers to produce a common form-factor for the transmission of high-speed digital signals.

Along its upgrade, there appeared its two followers—CFP2 and CFP4. As detailed in the MSA, it supports 40Gb/s applications over both single-mode and multi-mode fibers, protocols, and various link lengths, including all the physical media-dependent (PMD) interfaces. As for its features, it boasts of advanced thermal management, EMI management and enhanced signal integrity design, as well as a MDIO-based management interface. The widely used 40G CFP transceiver is the CFP-40G-SR4. 40GBASE-SR4 CFP module supports link lengths of up to 100m and 150m, respectively, over laser-optimized OM3 and OM4 multi-mode fiber cables. It enables high-bandwidth 40 Gigabit Ethernet optical links over ribbon fiber cables terminated with female MPO/MTP 12-fiber connectors. This CFP module supports IEEE 40GBASE-SR4 standard only.

CFP and QSFP/QSFP+ transceivers offer customers 40 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity options for data center networking, enterprise core aggregation, and service provider transport applications. Fiberstore offers various 40G CFP and QSFP/QSFP+ optical transceivers, including 40GBASE-SR4 CFP, FTL410QE2C, E40GQSFPSR, F5-UPG-QSFP+, mentioned above. For more information about 40G optical transceivers, please visit Fiberstore.

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In today’s telecommunications market, 10Gbps links for individual streams can’t satisfy their requirements for even higher-speed data transmission. Increasing networking applications are generating bandwidth to 40GbE links to ensure better performance. Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceiver proves itself as an ideal solution for such a case. It expands the existing fiber infrastructure with low capital investment while providing low power, low latency and high density for today’s Data Centers and Storage Area Networks. The following passages will introduce Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceiver in details.

Short-reach (SR) and extended short reach (eSR4) transceivers for 40Gbps connectivity in a quad small form-factor pluggable transceiver (QSFP) mode use independent transmit and receive sections, each with four parallel fiber strands. For a 40Gbps duplex connection, eight fiber strands are required, while QSFP SR4 uses Multipath Optical (MPO) 12-fiber connectors (MPO-12F). Take Juniper 40G QSFP-SR4 for example, the Fiberstore compatible QFX-QSFP-40G-SR4 transceiver (figure shown below) enables high-bandwidth 40G optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO connectors. And this IEEE standard technology must reach up to 400 m using OM4 and provide future support for 100Gbps speeds using the same cabling infrastructure.

However, this technology requires more fiber strands than can be found in today’s 10 Gbps infrastructures, which means that data centers require a cabling upgrade. Juniper offers an innovative alternative: a 40Gbps QSFP plus (QSFP+) LX4 technology that allows for zero-cost fiber migration by reusing the current 10Gbps multi-mode fiber optic (MMF) cabling plant for 40Gbps connectivity.

Juniper offers a new 4Gbps Ethernet optical technology called LX4 and provides a QSFP+ 40GbE optical module that uses the same infrastructure as 10GbE. The LX4 technology represents a new way to deploy 40GbE that meets all of the performance criteria of today’s data centers by providing 40GbE on two MMF strands and duplex LC connectors. The Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceiver addresses the challenges of fiber infrastructure by providing the ability to transmit full-duplex 40Gbps traffic over one duplex MMF cable with LC connectors. In other words, the Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceiver, a short-reach optical transceiver that delivers 40Gbps over duplex OM3 or OM4 MMF, allows 40Gbps connectivity to connect directly to the 10Gbps fiber and fiber trunk.

Existing 10Gbps connections are commonly MMF cables with LC connectors. And Juniper QSFP+ LX4 allows the same cables to be used for direct 10Gbps connections to direct 40Gbps connections, resulting in zero-cost cabling migration. The Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceiver has four 10Gbps channels, each of which can transmit and receive simultaneously on four wavelengths over a MMF strand. The result is an aggregated 40Gbps duplex link over a duplex of two MMF strands. Using duplex LC connectors, QSFP+ LX4 connections can reach 100 meters on OM3 MMF or 150 meters on OM4 MMF.

As a professional manufacturer and supplier for optical fiber products, as well as a third-party, Fiberstore compatible Juniper 40G QSFP+ LX4 transceivers support highly reliable operations in data center networks. Besides these high-performance 40G QSFP+ LX4 transceivers, 40G QSFP+ LR4 transceivers are also considered as a cost-effective solution for 40GbE links, and they enjoy the same functions just as Juniper 40G QSFP+ LR4 transceivers. Like the JNP-QSFP-40G-LR4 module, Fiberstore compatible Juniper JNP-QSFP-40G-LR4 enables high-bandwidth 40G optical links with duplex LC connectors and can also be used in a 4x10G module for interoperability with 10GBASE-LR interfaces.

Juniper QSFP+ LX4 transceivers provide 40Gbps connectivity with cost savings and simplicity for data center 40GbE deployments. Fiberstore offers various 40G QSFP+ LX4 transceivers with high quality. Additionally, other Juniper 40G QSFP transceivers are also provided, like the above-mentioned QFX-QSFP-40G-SR4, and JNP-QSFP-40G-LR4, as well as JNP-QSFP-40GE-IR4. You can visit Fiberstore for more information about Fibersotre 100% compatible 40G QSFP transceivers with Juniper.

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The IEEE P802.3by 25Gb/s Ethernet Task Force advanced its specifications efforts to the Working Ballot stage this past July (see "Ethernet progresses on several fronts at July IEEE 802.3 plenary meeting"). But the technology got a workout the previous month when The Ethernet Alliance held a test event at the University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL) in Durham, NH. Technology developers apparently are doing a good job of interpreting the Task Force's intentions; "greater than" 86% of the test cases performed to the current specifications, the Ethernet Alliance reports.

After an initial stumble and the ensuing creation of an industry alliance to take up the perceived slack (see "Efforts toward 25 Gigabit Ethernet specs stall at IEEE plenary" and "25 Gigabit Ethernet, 50 Gigabit Ethernet targets of industry consortium"), the IEEE began work on the 25-Gbps standard in 2014 (see "IEEE launches 25 Gigabit Ethernet Study Group"). The effort has moved quickly, but it appears that industry is keeping pace. Specifications for 100 Gigabit Ethernet that use 25-Gbps optical and electrical lanes are already in place, which may help account for the developers' success at this early stage.

"During our recent 40G/100G plugfest, we were testing equipment developed throughout the last five years. However, 25GbE is still at a nascent stage of the standardization process," noted Scott Kipp, president of the Ethernet Alliance and principal technologist at Brocade. "The array of pre-standard equipment and cables tested during our technical feasibility event showed an unanticipated level of maturity. It's a strong expression of the Ethernet ecosystem's continued commitment to interoperability and a sign of the industry's desire to capitalize on the benefits that 25-Gbps signaling offers."

The Ethernet Alliance says the June 22 technical feasibility event saw several devices and cabling put through hundreds of use cases that covered a wide range of issues, including link configuration, in-link configuration, target bit error ratio (BER) confidence, transmitter output waveform, and channel characterization. The group forwarded the test results to the P802.3by Task Force.

"Work on the IEEE P802.3by 25 Gb/s standard is progressing quickly, but having this data available has been highly beneficial to the development of the 25 Gigabit Ethernet standard," said Mark Nowell, chairman, IEEE P802.3by 25Gb/s Ethernet Task Force, and senior director of engineering, Cisco Systems. "The positive results generated at the Ethernet Alliance 25-Gbps feasibility event were very encouraging. I would like to thank the Ethernet Alliance for making this event a reality and bringing this data forward."

Vendors participating in the event included Amphenol Corp.; Arista Networks, Inc.; Cisco; Dell, Inc.; FCI; Hitachi, Ltd.; Intel Corp.; Ixia; Luxshare-ICT; Marvell Technology Group Ltd.; Mellanox Technologies Ltd.; Molex Inc.; QLogic Corp.; Spirent Communications Plc.; TE Connectivity Ltd.; and Xilinx, Inc.

The Alliance has compiled information from the 25 Gigabit Ethernet feasibility event, as well as the recent 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet plugfest, in a tech brief, "Commitment to Ethernet Interoperability," available on the group's website.

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In the past several decades, Ethernet has evolved to meet the growing demands of packet-switched networks. Due to its proven low cost, known reliability, and simplicity, the majority of today’s Internet traffic starts or ends on an Ethernet connection. 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) that enables the transfer of Ethernet frames at speeds of up to 40 gigabits per second (Gbps) has been developed to increase computing and network aggregation applications.

This paper offers an overview of 40GbE technology and its physical standards.

In 2007, the IEEE Higher Speed Study Group started working toward 40GbE standards with the goal of increasing available bandwidth, while maintaining maximum compatibility with existing interfaces and network management principles. Efforts drove the development of physical layer specifications for communication across copper cabling, single-mode fiber (SMF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF). And continued efforts led to the approval of IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010 40 Gb/s standard.

The IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010 amendment specifies a single architecture shown below that accommodates 40 Gigabit Ethernet all of the physical layer specifications under development. The media access controller( MAC) layer, which corresponds to Layer 2 of the OSI model, is connected to the media (optical or copper) by an Ethernet PHY device. The PHY device consists of a physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer, a physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer, and a physical coding sublayer (PCS).

There are several 40 Gigabit Ethernet standards, such as 40G SR4 QSFP, 40G LR4 QSFP, 40G ESR4 QSFP, etc. The following passages introduce the main two 40 Gigabit Ethernet standards: 40G SR4 QSFP, and 40G LR4 QSFP.

• 40G SR4 QSFP—It supports a link length up to 100 meters on OM3 and 150m on OM4 over 850nm MMF. For example, Fiberstore compatible Extreme 40GB-SR4-QSFP transceiver enables high-bandwidth 40G optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO/MTP multifiber connectors and can also be used in a 4x10G module for interoperability with 10GBASE-SR interfaces.

• 40G LR4 QSFP—It supports link lengths of 10km on SMF at a wavelength of 1310nm. Take Cisco QSFP-40G-LR4, this transceiver module supports 40GBase Ethernet rate. The 40 Gigabit Ethernet signal is carried over four wavelengths. Multiplexing and demultiplexing of the four wavelengths are managed within the device.

40GbE runs on Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable (QSFFP) cabling, a high-density fiber connector with 12 strands of fiber. According to the task force, 40GbE fulfills the following requirements and objectives:

• Preserve the 802.3 Ethernet frame format utilizing the 802.3 MAC;

• Preserve minimum and maximum FrameSize of current 802.3 standard;

• Support high-bandwidth applications such as video on demand (VoD) and high-performance computing (HPC);

• Provide appropriate support for optical transport network (OTN);

• Provide specifications for operation over single-mode optical fiber, laser optimized multimode optical fiber, copper cables, and backplanes;

40GbE QSFP optics enable high-density and low-power 40 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity for data center, high-performance computing networks, enterprise core and distribution layers, and service provider applications. Fiberstore provides various 40GbE optics options for customers. Besides QSFP-40G-LR4, 40GB-SR4-QSFP and 40G-QSFP-ESR4 transceivers mentioned above, other40GbE standard optics also available, like JNP-QSFP-40GE-IR4. You can visit Fiberstore fo rmore information about 40GbE QSFP optics.

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Bluesky Pacific Group, a Pacific-area regional communications provider and subsidiary of Amper SA, has signed Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) subsidiary Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks to a turnkey contract for the construction of a new submarine network. The Moana Cable subsea system will link New Zealand and Hawaii and provide additional connectivity to the Cook Islands and Samoa.

The Moana Cable will run a total of 9,700 km across two main segments. The first segment, a more than 8,000-km run comprising two fiber pairs, will link New Zealand and Hawaii. It also will serve Samoa and American Samoa. The second segment, 1,700 km long and consisting of a single fiber pair, will link the Cook Islands to the Samoa hub.

The undersea cable network also will have the ability to support potential links to such Pacific islands as Niue, Tokelau, and Tonga via the New Zealand-to-Hawaii trunk, as well as French Polynesia near the Cook Islands.

The Bluesky Pacific Group and Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks expect to complete construction of the Moana Cable in 2018. The network will support 200-Gbps wavelengths and will be designed with a total potential capacity of 20 Tbps.

Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks will deploy its 1620 SOFTNODE and OADM branching units as part of the project. The company will be responsible for the project on a turnkey basis, from system design to installation and commissioning, as well as marine operations (cable laying and maintenance).

Bluesky Pacific Group already operates a pair of submarine cable networks -- the ASH Cable that connects American Samoa to Hawaii and the SAS Cable that links Samoa to American Samoa. It says that anchor customers for the new subsea cable will include Bluesky Pacific Group companies and existing ASH Cable customers. The company says it has signed an agreement with RAM Telecom International, Inc., for collaboration and interconnection of the Moana Cable with RAM's SEA-US submarine cable, which connects Asia to Hawaii and the West Coast of the United States.

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With the increase of network users and growing demands of network services which include varied multimedia information, such as the audio and video signal, the requirement to the network bandwidth is rising rapidly. Fiber optic transceivers can satisfy such demand of users, and ensure enough network bandwidth for the users’ data to be transferred by providing enough reliability. They are available for several industrial standards, including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10Gbit Ethernet.

The following Ethernet standards to be introduced are versions mainly over optical fibers, single-mode fibers (SMF), or multi-mode fibers (MMF).

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. As a high-speed, general-purpose, widely used network, 10Mbit/s Ethernet has evolved into the most popular physical and link layer protocol today to connect users to Internet and let them share the information.

By the mid of 1990s, all 10Mbit/s Ethernet installation base had been upgraded to 100Mbit/s Fast Ethernet. Fiber optic Fast Ethernet standards include 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-SX, etc.

• 100BASE-FX uses a 1300nm light to transmit signal via two strands of optical fibers and the maximum distance is 2 km for full duplex over MMF.

• 100BASE-SX a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, since it uses short wavelength optics which are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE-SX can operate at distances up to 550 meters.

By the end of 1990s and early 2000s, most 100Mbit/s Fast Ethernet installation base had been upgraded to 1000Mbit/s Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber optic cords are replacing copper wires as the transmission medium for high speed transmission. For fiber optic transceivers, the related industry standards include 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LH, etc.

• 1000BASE-SX uses 850nm light to transmit signal over MMF. The standard specifies a distance capability between 220 meters and 550 meters, but via fiber optics with good quality, much longer distances can be reached.

• 1000Base-LH, called either 1000BASE-LX/LH or 1000BASE-LX10, is not a standard but accepted by the industry. It is backward compatible with 1000Base-LX, but achieves significantly longer distances over a pair of SMFs due to higher quality optics, such as MGBLH1 and J4860C listed in Fiberstore. Fiberstore compatible Cisco MGBLH1 supports up to 40 km link length over SMF. And the Fiberstore compatible HP J4860C provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 70 km on SMF.

10Gbit Ethernet is also called 10GigE. This was first published in 2002 and is still the fastest Ethernet standard. This standard includes 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR, etc.

• As a port type for MMF, 10GBASE-SR uses 850nm lasers and has a maximum range of 26 meters over obsolete FDDI-grade MMF, 33 meters over OM1, 82 meters over OM2, 3oo meters over OM3, and 400 meters over OM4.

• 10GBASE-LR ("long reach”) is a port type for SMF and uses 1310nm lasers. Fiberstore 10GBASE-LR optic transceivers allow efficient coupling into the small core of single mode fiber over greater distances. Like EX-SFP-10GE-LR, Fiberstore compatible Juniper EX-SFP-10GE-LR reaches maximum distance up to 10 km with the operating data rate up to 10.3Gbps.

Actually, existing network is difficult to satisfy the requirement of users who need more and more high speed running over the network. Ethernet has always been evolved to expand the bandwidth in telecommunications. Fiberstore offers these Ethernet solutions. Various fiber optic transceivers (MGBLH1, J4860C, X-SFP-10GE-LR) are available in Fiberstore, e.g GBIC, SFP+, XFP. They are 100% compatible with major brands like Cisco, HP, Juniper, and backed by a lifetime warranty.

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Corning announced its first quarter 2015 results on Tuesday, April 28. The company’s GAAP revenues declined 1% due to currency-related headwinds. However, its core sales improved 4%, to reach $2.43 billion, driven by growth at its Optical Communications and Specialty Materials segments. Corning GLW -1.12%‘s Display Technologies and Environmental Technologies segments were also in the positive. Its Life Sciences segment reported a decline in core sales as a result of foreign exchange headwinds.

Corning’s core earnings increased 14%, to $484 million, driving a 21% increase in core earnings per share, to reach $0.35. The market was expecting earnings per share of $0.34. Despite the earnings beat, Corning’s stock declined 1.4% through the day, as investors did not welcome the prospects of lower revenue growth in the future due to currency headwinds.

The growing video content on websites and increased usage of cloud-based services has been driving internet traffic. The proliferation of smartphones and tablets has also added to the internet traffic by enabling easy access. In order to cater to the increased traffic, service providers have been forced to upgrade their networks from copper wire to optical fiber-based networks. This helped drive Optical Communications’ first quarter revenue by 18%, to reach $697 million. The segment’s net income and revenue also benefited from the integration of TR Manufacturing, a provider of fiber-optic and copper cable interconnects and electro-mechanical assemblies to original equipment manufacturers, which Corning had acquired earlier in January.

Going forward, we expect to see continued growth in Corning’s Optical Communications segment driven by the consolidation of TR Manufacturing and Samsung Electronics ‘ fiber optics business. Corning acquired Samsung Electronics’ fiber optics business on March 31. The acquisition led to the integration of Samsung’s fiber optic manufacturing facilities in South Korea and China into Corning’s Optical Communications division. The segment will also benefit from growth in internet traffic, which should drive demand for optical fiber. Cisco forecasts that the global network traffic will grow at an average rate of 23% every year through 2018.

Corning’s Gorilla Glass volumes were up 20% in the first quarter. We believe that the demand for Corning’s latest version of cover glass, Gorilla Glass 4, helped drive the growth in volumes. Most recently, Gorilla Glass 4 was featured on the Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge, which were launched on April 10. Samsung placed orders for 13 million units of the smartphones, which must have had a significant impact on Gorilla Glass 4 volumes, particularly because Gorilla Glass 4 has been used on both sides of the S6 and S6 Edge. We expect to see the same trend drive growth in the next quarter.

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100BASE-T is a good way to improve network performance by allowing the customer to deploy Fast Ethernet over the existing network infrastructure. By providing speed of 100 Mb/s—10 times the speed of Ethernet transmission over CAT5 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper cabling, it’s one of the most affordable and widely installed cabling infrastructures in networking systems. This article places focus on introducing Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T) basic information.

Fast Ethernet is an extension to the IEEE802.3 Ethernet standard to support service at 100 Mbps. It is virtually identical to 10BASE-T, in that it uses the same media access control (MAC) layer, frame format, and carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. This means that network managers can use 100BASE-T to improve bandwidth and still make maximum use of investments in equipment, management tools, applications, and network support personnel. The 100BASE-T standard (IEEE802.3u, 1995) currently defines several physical layer signaling systems: 100BASE-TX, ,100BASE-T4 and 100Base-FX, among which 1000BASE-TX standard has risen far above the other two standards as the most popular Fast Ethernet implementation.

100BASE-TX operates over two pairs of Category 5 UTP, and uses Category 5 certified RJ-45 connectors. One pair is used for transmit and the other for receive. 100BASE-TX utilizes 3-level MLT (Multi-Level Transmit) signaling. With this coding system, each transmitted symbol represents one of three different levels (-1, 0, +1).

In its typical configuration, 100BASE-TX uses one pair of twisted wires in each direction, providing 100 Mbit/s of throughput in each direction (full-duplex). The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a local area network, the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star network. Alternatively, it is possible to connect two devices directly using a crossover cable.

100BASE-T4 requires four twisted copper pairs, but those pairs were only required to be category 3 rather than the category 5 required by TX. One pair is reserved for transmit (TX), one for receive (RX), and the remaining two will switch direction as negotiated. This means 3 pairs are used to transmit in each direction, which makes 100BASE-T4 inherently half-duplex. Unlike 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 does not support full-duplex operation.

100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses a 1300nm near-infrared (NIR) light wavelength to transmit signal via two strands of optical fiber, one for receive and the other for transmit. It supports both half-duplex and full-duplex operation, 412 metres (1,350 ft) for half-duplex connections, and 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) for full-duplex connections over multi-mode fibers (MMF). Products for 100BASE-FX are available from a wide range of manufactures. For example, Fiberstore compatible Cisco GLC-GE-100FX and GLC-FE-100FX transceivers are fully compatible with Cisco devices. Besides, both the Cisco GLC-GE-100FX and GLC-FE-100FX support dual data-rate of 155Mbps and 2km transmission distance with MMF.

Auto-Negotiation provides automatic link testing and configuration for UTP signaling systems. All 100BASE-T systems using UTP go through Auto-Negotiation before establishing a link. During this link, here goes the processes:

• Check the link
• Exchange coded information defining the abilities of each link partner
• Go to an internal lookup table to determine the most common operation mode.
• Configure themselves as per the table.
• Turn off Auto-Negotiation.
• Open the link

By building networks with 100BASE-T for Fast Ethernet, the dedicated 100M-bps service can be shared by users. Fiberstore supplies 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet solutions, like the Cisco GLC-GE-100FX and GLC-FE-100FX transceivers mentioned above. Besides, Fiberstore also offers 10BASE Gigabit transmission products which are completely compatible with major brands, such as compatible HP J9150A. This compatible HP J9150A module provides the same functions as HP module. For more information about 100BASE-T and 10BASE-X solutions, you can visit Fiberstore.

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